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Chain of Infection - Answer-1)Infectious agent= organism with ability to cause disease; greater virulence, invasiveness, and pathogenicity => increased odds of infection 2) Reservoir: place where microbes can persist and reproduce 3) Portal of Exit: way for microbe to leave the reservoir 4) Mode of transmission: method of microbe transfer from one place to another 5) Portal of entry: opening that allows microbe to enter host 6) Susceptible host: Lacks immunity or physical resistance to p...

Recipients of allogenic hematopoeietic stem transplantation (HSCT) should be placed in rooms with how many air exchanges per hour? 3 5 10 12 - Answer-12. A greater number of air exchanges per hour prevent opportunistic infections among stem cell transplant recipients Because of the increased risk of infection with parenteral nutrition, the maximum infusion time for a parenteral lipid bag to run is? 6 hours 12 hours 18 hours 24 hours - Answer-Maximum 12 hours. Lipid emulsions pose ...

Six Diseases that a high fibre diet helps prevent - Answer-Colon Cancer Constipation Diverticulitis Hemorrhoids Gallstones Appendicitis 3WQHow does a high fibre diet prevent disease - Answer--Increases fecal bulk and speeds up transit time through the digestive system so harmful substances aren't allowed to sit there for longer. (COLON CA) -Viscous fibre lowers blood cholesterol and normalizes blood glucose. (protects against HEART DISEASE & DIABETES) -Foods with fibre prevent excess...

What is nutrition? - Answer-The study of nutrients and other biologically active compounds in foods and in the body; sometimes also the study of human behaviours related to food. What are nutrients? - Answer-Components of food that are indispensable to the body's functioning. They provide energy, serve as building material, help maintain or repair body parts, and support growth. What is a diet? - Answer-Foods (and beverages) a person usually eats and drinks. What is malnutrition? - Ans...

Define dietary patterns - Answer-Dietary patterns are the unique combination of foods, it is used to evaluate the diet and lifestyle of an individual. Define phytochemicals - Answer-Diverse group of substances which have characterisitcs of being organic, being found in plant food and not being a vitamin Define vitamins - Answer-Organic compounds which are vital to the function of the human body. Water soluble vs fat soluble - Answer-Fat soluble are : -absorbed in the lymph and gut, t...

Explain the concept of dietary patterns - Answer-The complex mixture of many different foods that people eat. A dietary pattern is the sum of thousands of individual substances. Define Phytochemicals - Answer-Extremely diverse substances that share 3 features: 1. organic 2. found in plant foods. 3. are not vitamins (are not essential) example: carotenoids (includes beta-carotene, lycopene) associated with lower risk of heart disease and cancer Describe the general characteristics of vita...

A critical evaluation and synthesis of research studies focusing on a specific topic that is useful for health-care providers is a(n): Systematic review Peer reviewed journal Hypothesis Epidemiological study - Answer-Systematic Review Which type of study follows the healthy population, looking for the development? - Answer-Cohort Which gov agencies publish the dietary guidelines for Americans? - Answer-USDA All of the following raise basal metabolism rate except: Growing Muscle m...

Depression (major depressive disorder) - Answer-the leading cause of disability in the U.S. for ages 15-44 14.8 million American adults (6.7% of the U.S. population 18 or older) median age of onset- 32 more prevalent in women 2 Clinical Types of Depression include... - Answer-exogenous endogenous Exogenous depression refers to... - Answer-situational or reactive depression Endogenous depression - Answer-occurs due the presence of an internal stressor instead of an external (socia...

Fluoxetine (Prozac®) works through which of the following mechanisms? A. inhibit monoamine oxidase B. stimulate neuronal release of norepinephrine and dopamine C. inhibit neuronal reuptake of serotonin D. stimulate neuronal release of serotonin - Answer-C. inhibit neuronal reuptake of serotonin How much time does it take for most antidepressant drugs to cause a clinical improvement in mood? A. within hours B. 2-4 weeks C. 8-10 weeks D. 12-18 weeks - Answer-B. 2-4 weeks In diagno...

Which of the following fields are encompassed in psychopharmacology? - Answer-psychology and pharmacology Neuornal reuptake terminates the actions of all the following neurotransmitters EXCEPT - Answer-acetylcholine is the study of neurotoxins found in our environment - Answer-environmental neurotoxicology Which of the following is an example of a controlled substance that is illicit (illegal)? - Answer-heroin The ability of a drug to reach its site of action is called - Answer-bioav...

Be able to explain external validity and describe how the research process assumes external validity. - Answer--External validity: the extent to which the findings of a study are relevant to subjects and settings beyond those in the study (another term for generalizability) -To what [populations, settings, treatment variables, measurement variable] can an effect be generalized? Reproduce the research process from a population-level question to a sample-level answer and generalizability of th...

Compare and contrast amphetamine vs. cocaine in their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses, and DEA scheduling. - Answer-Amp - Causes neuronal release of NE and DA, Cocaine - Prevents Neuronal reuptake of NE and DA, but increase synaptic levels increase activation of NE and DA Describe the pharmacokinetic differences between cocaine hydrochloride and cocaine freebase. - Answer-Cocaine - Leaves of Coca Plant, (Injection, Oral, Snorting), Bioavaliability 70-75%, Longer Durat...

The process of how a drug travels through the body to reach its sites of action is called... - Answer-Distribution Drugs that produce the greatest increase in ________ activity in the reward center tend to be more addictive. - Answer-Dopamine Which is the part of the brain that is primary responsible for maintaining homeostasis by regulating body temperature, metabolism, appetite, and sexual behavior. - Answer-Hypothalamus An agonist drug molecule possesses both affinity and efficacy fo...

a person's reaction to a drug depends mostly on the biological action of the drug in the body. - Answer-false. biology is important, bt psychological and social or enviornmental factors must also be included to explain the effects of psychoactive drugs on humans because drug use is complicated, it is impossible to estimate patterns of drug use for the population of a whole country - Answer-false. within the united states, similar patterns of alcohol and drug use are found even among di...

drug - Answer-any chemical mixture not required for normal health but that alters biological function Legend drug - Answer-prescription drug Non-legend drugs - Answer-no prescription needed, "over the counter" licit drug - Answer-legal drug (alcohol, nicotine, caffeine) illicit drug - Answer-illegal drug pharmacology - Answer-scientific study of drugs and their effects on all living systems psychopharmacology - Answer-study of effects of drugs on behavior drug tolerance - ...

What constitutes a drug as a "high-efficacy stimulant"? How does this differ from other drugs? - Answer-A high-efficacy stimulant is a substance that has a strong ability to increase alertness, energy levels, and cognative function. (Ex. Amphetamines, adderall, methamphetamine). These drugs act by increasing the release and blocking the reputable of certain neurotransmitters, like dopamine and norepinephrine, in the brain. This differs from other classes of drugs, such as low-efficacy stimulan...

What is a drug? - Answer-a chemical that alters bio function but is not required for health maintenance How are drugs classified? - Answer-effects on behavior, chemical structure/origin, mechanism of action/medical use on 2 levels, legal classification whats the limitation of classifying by effects on behavior/street name? - Answer-same drug can cause different effects depending on the dose and state of user What are two drugs that prevent the reuptake of certain NT's? - Answer-Cocaine...

Which of the following fields are encompassed in psychopharmacology? A. psychology and pharmacology B. psychology and sociology C. biology and sociology D. pharmacy and pharmacology - Answer-A. psychology and pharmacology Neuronal reuptake terminates the actions of all the following neurotransmitters EXCEPT A. dopamine B. acetylcholine C. serotonin D. norepinephrine - Answer-B. acetylcholine ________ is the study of neurotoxins found in our environment. A. Environmental phar...

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alchohol abuse - Alcohol abuse is a pattern of drinking where the individual uses alcohol in a self-destructive manner. - The alcohol abuser is not necessarily alcohol-dependent. - The alcohol abuser does not have a compulsion to drink but turns to alcohol to escape reality or difficult emotions. Individuals with alcohol abuse usually manage to carry on with their lives and responsibilities with some semblance of normality. - Alcohol abusers can be defined as those who continue to drink de...