KnowledgeBase

Learning objectives: • Explain physiologic adaptations of the cardiorespiratory system of seals to deepdiving. • Point out differences between seal and human physiology related to deepdives. • Evaluate respiratory and cardiacfunction. • Measure oxygen consumption and calculate the total amount of oxygen needed fordives of various durations and compare to estimated stores in the lungs, blood andtissues. Introduction: Active cells require a constant supply of oxygen in order to pro...

1. Question:Inwhichpartoftherespiratorysystemwouldyoufindthepharynx? 2. Question:Elasticrecoilofthechestwallandlungswillstimulatewhichrespiratory process? 3. Question:The normal average respiratory rate of a healthy adult who is at restis 4. Question:Theairinthealveolidiffersfromtheairintheatmosphereinwhichofthe followingways? 5. Question:Themajorityofoxygeninthebloodis 6. Question:As a person ages, what happens to the respiratorytissues? 7. Question:Acertainvolumeofoxygeninacontainerexe...

Required Resources Read/review the following resources for this activity: • Textbook: Chapter22 • Week 7Concepts Initial Post Instructions Describe how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood, and explain how their loading and unloading is affected by temperature, pH, BPG, and PCO2.

1. Question: With respect to hemoglobin loading, please explain the relationship betweenbinding of oxygen (O2) and carbon monoxide (CO) to the hemoglobinmolecules. 2. Question: During the ambulance ride, a pulse oximeter showed 100% O2 saturation. Why is that different from the 72% measured at thehospital? 3. Question: One course of treatment is a hyperbaric oxygen treatment. How does ahyperbaric chamberwork? 4. Question: Adams blood work shows him to be in an acidosis (normal blood pH is7.35...

Learning Objectives: • Describe the gross anatomical features of the respiratorytract. • Trace the flow of air into and out of thelungs. • Explain how Boyle’s law relates to the changing intrapleural and alveolar airpressures and volumes duringrespiration. • Define various pulmonaryvolumes. Introduction: The respiratory tract carries air to and from the lungs. Air drawn in through the nose or mouth passes through the pharynx and larynx and continues through the trachea, bronchial...

Choose one of the following topics for your initial post: A. Describe the anatomy and histology of the respiratory system and how eachof the functions arerelated. B. Describe the events that cause inhalation and exhalation and how Boyle'slaw relates to theevents.

1. Question:How is ventilation different fromrespiration? 2. Question:Ventilation is dependent upon a pressure gradient. Describe how thispressure gradient works. 3. Question:What muscles are involved inventilation? 4. Question:What is COPD and how does it affectventilation? 5. Question:How does the tripod position help breathing in COPDpatients?

Learning Objectives: • Discuss the fundamental need for the immunesystem. • Identify physical and chemical barriers against pathogenicinvasion. • Describe mechanisms of immune invasion bypathogens. • Predict the outcome of scenarios of immunedeficiency. • Summarize the key features of innate and adaptive immuneresponses. • Describe antigen-antibodyinteractions. • Classify immune cell types by their role inresponses. • Define immunological memory and itsimportance. Intr...

Required Resources Read/review the following resources for this activity: • Textbook: Chapter21 • Week 5Concept • Minimum of 1 scholarlysource Initial Post Instructions Choose one of the following topics for your initial post: A. Our knowledge and understanding of the various forms of lymphocytes continue to expand. Our initial discussion this week will be on the various forms of B and T cells -- each of us should take one class of lymphocytes and explain it's rolein the adapti...

1. Manuel is experiencing a hypersensitivity reaction. What are hypersensitivity reactions? 2. Briefly describe the different types of hypersensitivity reactions. 3. What type of hypersensitivity reaction is Manuel likely experiencing and how do you know? 4. Is this an antibody or T-cell mediated response? What class of antibodies or type of T- cells are involved? 5. Why was epinephrine administered and how does epinephrine work in this case?

Required Resources Read/review the following resources for this activity: • Textbook: Chapter21 • Week 4Concepts Initial Post Instructions Choose one of the following topics for your initial post: A. How do the various components of the lymphatic system operate? We have talked about many organ systems. In what ways are components of the lymphatic system involvedin many other organ systems? Try to focus on one element of this system and provide an in-depth view of its contribution t...

1. Why are natural killer cells considered to be part of the innate immune response? 2. What types of cells do natural killer cells act against? 3. Describe the process whereby natural killer cells kill othercells and the role of macrophages in the process. 4. The immunologist cautioned Shanice that she may be moresusceptible to virally induced cancers.Why did the immunologist state this? 5. What treatments or other options does Shanice have tocounteract the natural killer cell deficiency?

Initial Post Instructions Choose one of the following topics for your initial post: A. Let's start by discussing the structure of our blood vessels. Let's each take a characteristic of (1) arteries, (2) veins, or (3) capillaries. Build upon what your classmates say to enable us to have a fuller understanding of these vesselsthat are essential for ourexistence. B. Cardiac output is the amount of blood ejected from the left or right ventricle in any given minute. Cardiac output must be main...

1. Describe all the constituents contained in plasma and their concentrations. 2. Explain the liver’s role in production of proteins. 3. Why would albumin be important in regulating pressure atthe capillaries? 4. Explain the process of fluid movement at both the arterialand venous side of the capillary. 5. What can Betty do to improve her situation?

Learning objectives:  Identify the structural layers of arteries andveins.  Distinguish between the structure of arteries andveins.  Explain the factors that affect arterial blood flow and bloodpressure.  Define shock, and identify the signs ofshock.  Identify key blood vessels of the cardiac, systemic, and pulmonarycirculations. Introduction: Blood is transported around the body in 3 different types of blood vessels: arteries, capillaries, and veins. Arteries and veins a...

1. What are the four valves found in the heart and where are they located? Give all names of each valve. 2. What is a mitral valve prolapse and what causes this inMarfan’ssyndrome specifically? 3. What happens to blood flow (specifically) with a mitral valveprolapse (where would the blood back up to andwhy)? 4. If a person were to have a prolapse of the tricuspid valve,what specifically would happen to the flow of blood in that case? 5. Do you think Janet will ever play basketball again? W...

Learning outcomes: ● Identify the chambers of theheart. ● Identify the location and function of valves within theheart. ● Describe the flow of blood through theheart. ● Define stroke volume and cardiacoutput. ● Understand how the cardiovascular system responds toexercise. ● Understand how cardiac output and blood pressure can bemeasured. ● Understand how heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output change withexercise. Introduction: The heart is a strong muscular pump wi...

1. Question:Which of the following would be a normal hematocrit in an adultmale? 2. Question:Which of the following is NOT a function ofblood? 3. Question:Plasma proteins which act as antibodies and attack foreign proteinsare classified as 4. Question:An adult humancontainsabout of blood 5. Question:Bloodmakes up of the total bodymass 6. Question:The most abundant molecule present in blood plasmais 7. Question:The primary site of hemopoiesis in adult humans is inthe 8. Question:The specif...

Blood is made up of four main components: plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, as well as platelets. The hue of blood varies depending on the amount of oxygen it carries. Blood is denser than water. Blood is somewhat alkaline, with a pH of 7.35 to 7.45 and has a temperature of 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit. Blood makes up about 8% of our weight. “The lungs and tissues receive oxygen and nourishment via blood. To avoid excessive blood loss, blood clots are formed. harboring infection-fighting...

1. Discuss which clotting factors the PT and PTT test evaluate and whether each test measures the intrinsic or the extrinsic pathways. 2. Describe the common coagulation pathway. 3. Based on Jessie’s test, which factor deficiency do youbelieve he has and why? 4. Jessie’s clotting factor disease is seen more often in males.Please explain why. 5. If both the PT and the PTT tests were abnormally long,which part of the coagulation pathway would be affected?