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Interception A type of attack, against confidentiality Interruption attack An attack that causes our assets to become unusable or unavailable for our use, on a temporary or permanent basis Risk The likelihood that something bad will happen Vulnerability A weakness that can be used to harm us Threat Some thing that has the potential to cause harm to our assets Interception A type of attack, primarily against confidentiality Availability Refers to the ability to access our data when we need...

FISMA (Federal Information Security Management Act) This law provides a framework for ensuring the effectiveness of information security controls in federal government HIPPA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) This law improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the healthcare system and protect patient privacy FERPA (Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act) This law protects the privacy of students and their parents SOX (Sarbanes-Oxley Act) This law regulates the finan...

Personal computer (PC) A computer designed for use by an individual, usually incorporating a graphics display, a keyboard, and a mouse. Server A computer used for running larger programs for multiple users, often simultaneously, and typically accessed only via a network. Supercomputer: A class of computers with the highest performance and cost; they are configured as servers and typically cost tens to hundreds of millions of dollars. Embedded computer: A computer inside another device used...

Main memory also known as "primary memory" typically consists of DRAM Secondary memory ex: hard disk drive Branch prediction A way to resolve a branch hazard by seeing if the branch was taken last time it was encountered. The result is stored in the branch prediction buffer (aka branch history table) reservation station one primary unit within dynamic scheduling that holds the operands and the operation within a functional unit (see pic) commit unit The unit in a dynamic or out-of-order ...

kilobyte 10^3 bytes megabyte 10^6 bytes gigabyte 10^9 bytes terabyte 10^12 bytes petabyte 10^15 bytes exabyte 10^18 bytes zettabyte 10^21 bytes yottabyte 10^24 bytes Moore's law The law that states that integrated circuit resources double every 18-24 months predictions abstractions characterize the design at different levels of representation lower level details are hidden --> simpler model at higher levels productivity techniq

instruction set the vocabulary of commands understood by a given architechture stored-program concept The idea that instructions and data of many types can be stored in memory as numbers, leading to the stored-program computer. // symbol for comments word The natural unit of access in a computer, usually a group of 32 bits; corresponds to the size of a register in the MIPS architecture. Doubleword a natural unit of access in a computer, usually a group of *64 bits*; corresponds to the siz...

Combinational Element an operational element ex: AND gate, ALU State Element memory element ex: register or memory Clocking Methodology the approach used to determine when data is valid and stable relative to the clock Edge-Triggered clocking a clocking scheme in which all state changes occur on a clock edge make reading and writing in same cycle possible control signal a signal used for multiplexor selection or for directing operation of a functional unit contrasts with data signal wh...

Temporal Locality data location is referenced when it will tend to be referenced again soon Spatial Locality data location is referenced, data locations with nearby addresses will tend to be referenced soon Block (or line) the minimum unit of information that can be either present or not present in a cache Miss Penalty the time required to fetch a block into a level of memory hierarchy form the lower level includes: time to access block, transmit for one level to another, insert it into t...

Which access does a register file rely on to properly function? a) Read and write access b) Write only access c) Read only access d) No access a What is the binary representation of instructions? a) Machine language b) Assembly language c) Operating system d) Systems software a Which feature of the IBM 360/91 was incorporated into the majority of microprocessors developed in the 21st century? a) Branch prediction allowed the processor to proceed with the next instruction. b) Algorit...

Which access does a register file rely on to properly function? Read and write access Write only access Read only access No access Read and write access What is the binary representation of instructions? Machine language Operating system Assembly language Systems software Machine language Which feature of the IBM 360/91 was incorporated into the majority of microprocessors developed in the 21st century? -Branch prediction allowed the processor to proceed with the next instruction. -...

What access does a register file operate under to properly function? read and write access what is the binary representation of instructions? machine language Which feature of the IBM 360/91 was incorporated into the majority of microprocessors developed in the 21st century? Algorithm innovations allowed the improved parallel execution of instructions. Which key design element changed in 2005 to drive continued improvements in computing capability? Multiprocessor architecture Which term r...

What access does a register file operate under to properly function? read and write access what is the binary representation of instructions? machine language Which feature of the IBM 360/91 was incorporated into the majority of microprocessors developed in the 21st century? Algorithm innovations allowed the improved parallel execution of instructions. Which key design element changed in 2005 to drive continued improvements in computing capability? Multiprocessor architecture Which term r...

What access does a register file operate under to properly function? read and write access what is the binary representation of instructions? machine language Which feature of the IBM 360/91 was incorporated into the majority of microprocessors developed in the 21st century? Algorithm innovations allowed the improved parallel execution of instructions. Which key design element changed in 2005 to drive continued improvements in computing capability? Multiprocessor architecture Which term r...

Instruction command that computer hardware understands and obeys Input writes data to memory output reads data from memory datapath performs arithmetic computations where data is transformed via computations like addition or subtraction processor control + datapath DRAM access time 50ns most expensive / GB @ $5 capacity quadrupled / year until 1990s 2 chips iPad2 consists of how many chips? 2 ARM processors A5 package has chip containing ____ ____ ____. ABI (Application Binary Interfa...

Register File A state element that consists of a set of registers that can be read and written by supplying a register number to be accessed. provides 1024 scalar 32-bit registers for up to 64 threads. machine language The language made up of binary-coded instructions that is used directly by the computer system software The set of programs that enables a computer's hardware devices and application software to work together; it includes the operating system and utility programs. operatin...

1st Amendment (1791) Freedom of religion, assembly, press, petition, and speech 2nd Amendment (1791) Right to bear arms 3rd Amendment (1791) The right not to be forced to quarter soldiers during times of peace without consent of the owner 4th Amendment (1791) Prohibits unreasonable searches or seizures and sets out requirements for search warrants based on probable cause. 5th Amendment (1791) Right to due process, no self-incrimination, eminent domain, double jeopardy, and grand jury 6th...

Which constitutional amendment allows states to reserve powers? The Tenth Amendment What did the Supreme Court's ruling in Gibbons v. Ogden establish? A loose constructionist interpretation of the commerce clause What describes the importance of the Supreme Court decision in Marbury v. Madison? It established the principle of judicial review. Which amendment provided for the separate election of the president and vice president? The Twelfth Amendment In which case did the Supreme Court e...

• I can identify areas of the Constitution that are influenced by the enlightenment. The Constitution makes justice more important than liberty. more concerned with controlling rather than expressing the popular will. Property rights republicanism separation of powers • I can identify areas of the Bill of Rights that are influenced by the enlightenment natural rights and procedural rights.1st amendment • I can list several weaknesses of the Articles of Confederations. , the states had...

natrual rights Life, Liberty, and Property John Locke 17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property. State of Nature Hypothetical condition assumed to exist in the absence of government where human beings live in "complete" freedom and general equality. Due Process involves the government's obligation to treat all citizens fairly. Such a requirement lessens the extent to which gover...

Which concept is an Enlightenment idea that influenced the leaders of the American Revolution? Social Contract How does the Bill of Rights reflect the influence of the Enlightenment ideas on the Constitution? The Bill of Rights explicitly listed individual freedoms What was a major problem with the Articles of Confederation? The national government did not have the power to impose taxes What describes Clause 3 of Article IV, Section 2 in the constitution? Slave owners could reclaim their ...