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A drop of blood entering a renal artery would pass through a segmental artery, interlobar artery, and ______ before reaching a corticol radiate artery. arcuate artery globerular artery peritubular capillaries peritubular vanules - arcuate artery Absorption involves taking digested food into the body by diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. True False - True ADH acts on the _____ to regulate facultative water reabsorption. -proximal convoluted tubules -desce...

____ (____) muscle is located in the viscera; it is (striated/non-striated) and (voluntary/involuntary). - Smooth (visceral); non-striated; involuntary ____ functions as the motor protein in all 3 types of muscle tissue. - Myosin ____ is the key player in excitation-contraction coupling. - Ca++ ____ muscle forms the wall of the heart; it is (striated/non-striated) and (voluntary/involuntary) - Cardiac; striated; involuntary ____ muscle is that primarily attached to bones. It is (striated/n...

ADH - -increases permeability to water in cells of the distal tubule and collecting duct causing higher water reabsorption -increases aquaporin, water channels, content in the apical membrane -increases blood pressure and volume ANP - -decreases Na and water reabsorption -inhibits aldosterone and ADH release Buffering of H+ in the Urine - free H+ can be reabsorbed through a pump therefore we want it to bind to something Colloid Osmotic Pressure (COP) - -osmolarity of plasma proteins -25...

Anemia (RBC Deficiency) - Can be due to - - decreased Erythropoiesis (building of RBC) - increased destruction of RBCs - increased destruction of hemoglobin - more common in females than males Can result in - - decreased capacity to carry gases - decreased acid buffering capacity People with anemia can take iron supplements but It will take a period of time before a difference in energy is felt- months AP (action potential) in Heart Muscle Fibers - - rapid depolarization due to Na+ inf...

ANS Neurons and Neurotransmitters - Neurons classified based upon the neuron transmitter released Cholinergic neurons: release ACh -all pre-ganglion neurons -All PNS post-ganglionic neurons -SNS post-gnaglionic neurons that innervate most sweat glands Adreneric neurons: release NE -Most SNS post-ganglion neurons ANS Neurons and Receptors - -Preganglionic neuron sends information between the spinal cord and the ganglion -Postganglionic neuron sends information between the ganglion and t...

CBC EXAM PACKAGE DEAL WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS.

Instead of solely looking at the WBC count, what must you consider when evaluating the hematologic status of a patient? - You must consider the individual absolute counts of each leukocyte type rather than the total WBC count. For such a critical evaluation, the first step is to order a CBC with differential. What are eosinophils? - Pro-inflammatory cells that are capable of either protecting or damaging the host depending on the situation. Their granules are toxic to parasites. What are r...

3 Uses of Platelet Counts - 1. Assess bleeding disorders 2. Part of coagulation workup 3. Monitor course of disease or bone marrow failure 4 Interfering Factors - 1. Abonormalities in RBC size (EX) Abnormally large (This is when the CBC M comes in handy) 2. Extreme elevated WBC elevation 3. Immediately after hemorrhage have not "caught up" so hematocrit will be normal (may decrease hours later) 4. Elevations & decreases same as for HGB 4 Red Blood Cell (RBC) characteristics - 1. Bicon...

Explain how platelets eventually form a "scab"? - Platelets and fibrin create a web-like structure that traps blood and eventually dry out, forming the scab. How many red and white blood cells are in a single drop of human blood? - In a single drop of blood, there are millions of red and white blood cells. How many times will a red blood cell circulate the body in its lifetime? - A red blood cell can circulate in the body for 100-120 days before being recycled. Name at least three solute...

'3Retics' - Reticulocyte Count 'baby' RBCs Mature into RBCs 2 days after release into circulation "bands" - immature neutrophils. more bands, more neutrophils. indicates infection "left shift" - more bands, immature neutrophils. indicates infection. Abnormal Platelet Counts - Thrombocytopenia and Thrombocytosis Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC)- how to calucalte? - Calculated: ANC = WBC x ( % Neutrophils + % Bands) If ANC is below 1000: Severely immunocompromised AGRANULOCYTES -...

A patient had a complete blood count (CBC) with differential test ordered. You asses the white blood cell count results and know that this laboratory test will also assess the count of what other types of WBCs? Select all that apply: - Neutrophils Lymphocytes Eosinophils Basophils Monocytes A patient's complete blood count (CBC) results are back. Which result demonstrates polycythemia? - RBC 10 million A patient's complete blood count (CBC) with differential shows an elevated Eosinoph...

Adult female HCT - 38%-46% Adult Male HCT - 42%-54% Basophils - Thought to be involved with allergic response, least common type. CBC fishbone - Shorthand way to list CBC results Eosinophils - Typically associated with parasites. Also plays a role in allergic response and inflammation Hb and HCT rule of thumb - Hb is about 1/3 the HCT in normal conditions Hematocrit - A ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood. Expressed as a percentage. Hemoglobin - Expressed...

HbA1c levels for people without diabetes - 4- 5.6 % HbA1c levels indicating diabetes - 6.5%. The goal for people with diabetes is HbA1c less then 7% The higher the HbA1c the higher the risk for complications with diabetes HbA1c levels indicating increased risk of diabetes - 5.7- 6.4% Hematocrit - Male: 38.8 50.0 % Female: 34.9- 44.5 % Hematocrit (Hct) - measures the percentage of RBC in the total bld volume Hemoglobin (Hgb test) - a measure of the total amount of hemoglobin in the bld N...

____ nucleotide pair length of DNA is present in a eukaryal nucleosome and ______ pair length of DNA is present in archaeal nucleosome - 160; 60 A characteristic that is unique to the domain Archaea is... a) a single, circular chromosome. b) DNA polymerase that is associated with the nucleoid. c) the ability to survive in extreme environments, like thermal springs. d) a cell membrane constructed from isoprene lipids. e) The presence of L-amino acids in the cell wall. - d) a cell membrane ...

Fermentation is the process of ______ turning into _____. - Answer-Fermentation is the process of ORGANIC MOLECULES turning into ALCOHOL Francesco Redi's rotting meat in jars experiment accomplished what purpose? Choose the best answer A) It showed that meat rotted whether covered or uncovered. B) It proved biogenesis was true. C) It showed that flies and maggots found their way into both jars. D) It provided evidence against spontaneous generation. - Answer-D) It provided evidence agains...

· Turbidity Measurements - Spectrophotometer sends light through a culture. Light absorbance can give a rough measure of cell density in the tube ·Agrobacterium - Crown-Gall Disease - The crown gall is where the stem of the plant connects with the roots of the plant. Causes tumours, parasitism. THIS IS BAD, we don't want this one. Agrobacterium is the only one that can use opine as a carbon and nitrogen source. It robs the plant of organic carbon. We can use agrobacterium to introduce ne...

Calculate pH and pOH given hydrogen or hydroxide ion concentration and calculate hydrogen or hydroxide ion concentration given pH or pOH - pH= -log(H+) pOH= -log(OH-) pH= 14-pOH 10^pH= [H+] 10^pOH= [OH-] Compare and contrast the different types of carbohydrates (monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides) and the different roles they play in organisms - monosaccharides make up di and polysaccharides (glucose) disaccharides are typically used for quick energy (lactose) Polysacchari...

[H+][OH−] = 10−14 - pOH- subtract from 14 pH-look at exponent 4 macromolecules - 1. carbohydrates 2. lipids 3. proteins 4. nucleic acids Acidic - more H+ 1-6 Adhesion / cohesion - Cohesion - ability of water to attract to itself Adhesion - ability of water to cell walls of others ** allows transport against gravity in plants Surface tension ALL 3 DOMAINS OF LIFE HAVE - PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER ALL LIPIDS - DO NOT DISSOLVE WELL IN WATER *think olive oil in a cup of water alpha linkag...

A human feels sick and asks about the pathogens cell wall. Which cell wall composition can you rule out? - NAG NAT (these are archaea) A new halophile in the dead sea was found. What will its cell wall look like? - It is an archaea so something with NAG and NAT A new microorganism has histones and a single RNA polymerase that looks a lot like one you might find in fungi. What is it? - Archaea A type stain is a... - Representative reference specimen available in a central depository ABC Tr...

(cartilage growth) "growth from outside" - appositional growth process: cartilage forming cells in surrounding perichondrium produce new cartilage tissue by actively secreting matrix 2 types of Cartilaginous joints: - synchondroses & symphyses 3 types of fibrous joints: - sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses 3 types of functional joints - Synarthroses, Amphiarthroses, and Diarthroses 3 types of structural joints - Fibrous, Cartilaginous, and Synovial Amphiarthroses (functional) - -slight...