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Conditioned response (CR) - Answer Automatic response established by training to a once neutral stimulus Conditioned stimulus (CS) - Answer A previously neutral stimulus that after becoming associated with the US, now triggers a conditioned response Conditioning trials - Answer Training trials; trials where the CS and US are presented together to build an association between them Contiguity - Answer Extent to which the unconditional and conditioned stimuli occur ...

Scientific Method - Answer The formal methods, primarily the set of techniques and concepts, used to examine and answer questions of a scientific nature. It ensures reliable and meaningful research. 1) Construct a theory 2) Generate a hypothesis 3) Choose a research method 4) Collect Data 5) Analyze data 6) Report the findings 7) Revise existing theories Theory - Answer A set of statements or principles that try to relate and explain a set of observations Hypothesis - ...

What is instrumental conditioning? - Answer Another form of associative learning where behaviors are initiated by (and controlled by) organisms. E.g. Cats meow and owners let them in, you pay vending machines for snacks. The learning of a contingency between behavior and consequence What's the difference between instrumental and classical conditioning? - Answer Classical conditioning involves forming new involuntary responsive but instrumental conditioning forms new voluntary b...

Which of the following designs best eliminates differences between experimental and control groups? A) Johnny conducted a within-participants experiment where he intentionally assigned male participants to the control condition and females to his experimental condition in attempts to rule out differences within each group. B) Kevin conducted a between-participants experiment, where he randomly assigned participants to a condition. They then completed both the control and experimental manipul...

contingent relationship - Answer Presentation of one stimulus reliably leads to the presentation of another -Pavlov and his rats contingency - Answer when a signal is CONSISTENTLY followed by a second event, there is a connection formed between the two - when the CS predicts the US Classical conditioning - Answer the learning of contingency between a signal and a later event US - Answer any stimulus or event that occurs naturally without learning ex. placin...

Classical conditioning - Answer The learning of a contingency between a particular signal and later event that are paired in time and or space Ivan Pavlov - Answer Russian physiologist who discovered classical conditioning Conditional reflex - Answer When the metronome was used to condition the dog to salivate Contingent relationship - Answer When an organism learns to associate between a signal and an event. A contingent relationship is formed between the 2 stim...

RM Inferential vs. descriptive statistics descriptive statistics (mean, stdev, histogram) & inferential statistics (t-test) - Answer Descriptive statistics uses the data to provide descriptions of the population, either through numerical calculations or graphs or tables. Inferential statistics makes inferences and predictions about a population based on a sample of data taken from the population in question. RM t-test and p-value - Answer the t-test considers each data point...

null hypothesis - Answer states that there's no relationship between the two variables being studies (changing the independent variable won't affect the dependent variable) p-value - Answer A number describing how likely it is that your data would have occurred by random chance (if the value is less than 0.05, rerun the experiment because the results aren't too valid, random chance probably skewed them a significant amount) classical conditioning - Answer The lea...

Scientific Method - Answer Theory, Hypothesis, Research Method, Collect Data, Analyze Data, Report Findings, Revise Theory Independent Variable - Answer variable that is manipulated Dependent Variable - Answer The measurable effect or outcome from the manipulation being monitored Types of Groups in Experiments - Answer Experimental group and control group Experimental group - Answer receives manipulation of independent variable Control group - Answer ...

Mindy is interested in testing weather those who follow a vegan diet are happier than those who do not. She asks vegans and non vegans to complete the subjective happiness scale , and compare their answers. Which of the following statements is true of Mindy's research? - Answer when doing a T-test mindy's null hypothesis is that vegans are similar in how happy they believe they are Nazanin is analyzing the relationship between the number of years first year Mcmaster undergraduate ...

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Embryogenesis - Answer Formation of inner cell mass leads to formation of an early embryo What are the 3 germ layers? - Answer 1. Endoderm 2. Ectoderm 3. Mesoderm Cells from same species vs. different species - Answer Cells from same species: recognized each other and associated back together Cells from different species: did not associate Epithelial cells - Answer connect to each other along their lateral surfaces (forms epithelial sheets) Epithelial she...

goal of mitosis - Answer prod 2 identical daughter cells key changes occur as a cell enters prophase in mitosis - Answer 1. Chromosome condensation 2. Nuclear envelope breakdown 3. Organelle fragmentation 4. Mitotic spindle assembly What initiates the diverse changes in prophase during mitosis? - Answer These changes are initiated by the phosphoregulation of key proteins, mediated by the active MPF complex. What is MPF? - Answer MPF (Maturation Promoting Facto...

The shape of beta globin is described as: - The primary structure of the polypeptide - The secondary structure of the polypeptide - The tertiary structure of the polypeptide - The quaternary structure of the polypeptide - Answer The tertiary structure of the polypeptide What is Km (Michaelis Constant)? - Answer - Inverse measure of enzyme affinity (to a substrate) - The concentration of substrate which permits the enzyme to achieve 1/2 Vmax How do you determine Km (Michael...

What is a nucleoplasm? - Answer a histone chaperone for histones H2A-H2B (distinct tail/head structure) NLS - Answer nuclear localization signal NES - Answer nuclear export signal What happened in the first evidence of nuclear transport signal? - Answer Tails were uptake to nucleus and not the heads, aka tails have the information (after radioactivity + injection to cytosol) NPC - Answer Nuclear Pore Complex -selective barrier bw nuclear and cytoplasm ...

What is apoptosis? - Answer Programmed cell death; a normal part of the cell cycle How does apoptosis aid in digit development? - Answer Webbing occurs between fingers and toes in utero, which is resolved by cell death to individualize each digit What is a TUNEL assay? - Answer It takes advantage of nicks and DNA breaks in the DNA of apoptotic cells. dUTPs can be added into nicks using deoxynucleotidyl transferase, and these dUTPs are flourescently labeled How is apopt...

ER membranes - Answer -form a maze of enclosed spaces -cell packaging system - has many folds and creases that allow it to fit in the cell ER membranes are constantly changing structure due to... - Answer -undergoing fission/fusion -migrating to new locations in the cell Rough ER vs Smooth ER - Answer Rough: -ribosomes -continuous membrane -site of co-translational transport, protein modification, formation of vesicles -vesicles transport protein from ER to Golgi ...

Peroxisome - Answer - Bound of a single membrane - oxidative and synthetic reactions - reproduce by fission - No genetic material - Large protein aggregates inside the peroxisome, largely comprised of catalase enzyme - In all cell types, peroxisomes catalyze fatty acids Fatty Acid Metabolism as an Energy Source - Answer - Peroxisomes can break down fatty acids through beta oxidation. Makes shorter chains which can be sent to the mitochondria to be converted - During Beta-ox...

amino acid structure - Answer - hydrogen - amino group - carboxyl group - variable r group a soluble protein typically has... - Answer hydrophilic amino acid residues on its surface where are hydrophobic amino acids found - Answer in the interior of cytosolic proteins to form a hydrophobic core membrane embedded proteins - Answer - found in a hydrophobic environment (hydrophobic tails) therefore the hydrophobic groups will be on the exterior aromatic amino ...

Problems in normal protein folding mechanisms lead to? - Answer fibril formation Examples of 3 general problems in protein folding? - Answer 1) mutation 2) old age 3) prion infection examples of 4 more specific problems leading to fibril formation - Answer 1) Genetic amyloid- related diseases: single change in nucleotide lead to changed AA and unstable intermediates 2) Protein fragments do not fold into proper globular form 3) Breakdown of chaperone system 4) Infecti...