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Sympathetic- Origin of pre-ganglionic nerve? - Answer Nuclei of spinal cord segments T1-T12; L1-L3 (thoracolumbar) Parasympathetic- Origin of pre-ganglionic nerve? - Answer Nuclei of cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X; spinal cord segments S2-S4 (craniosacral) Sympathetic- Length of pre-ganglionic nerve axon? - Answer Short Parasympathetic- Length of pre-ganglionic nerve axon? - Answer Long Sympathetic & Parasympathetic- Neurotransmitter type in ganglion? - Answer ACh ...

Renal Physiology The ________ is composed of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and the urethra. - Answer urinary system Renal Physiology The _________ is constantly working to maintain the purity and health of the body's fluids by removing unwanted substances and recycling others. - Answer urinary system Renal Physiology The _____ contribute to homeostasis by regulating plasma composition through the elimination of metabolic wastes, toxins, excess ions, and water. - ...

Autonomic Nervous System - Answer controls internal organs in thoracic, abdominal, pelvic cavities, BVs, respiratory system, heart, kidneys, ovaries, testicles etc. - basically everything + sweat glands, BPs controls automatic body functions (heartbeat and digestion) include SYMPATHETIC NERVES and PARASYMPATHETIC NERVES Sympathetic nervous system - Answer active, swim, dance, etc fight or flight!! when you run your sweat glands are active, HR increases, lungs more active, mo...

What is the urinary system composed of - Answer Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and the urethra Where are the kidneys located - Answer In the retroperitoneal space, posterior What do the kidneys regulate - Answer Fluid volume, electrolytes, acid-base balance -Glycogenesis, Vitamin D3 converting to active form and synthesis and conversion of erythropoietin and renin Main functional unit of the kidney for urine? - Answer the nephron (takes blood and filters it out and rea...

physiology - Answer the study of biological processes of the human body under the basal conditions anatomy - Answer the study of the structure and description of the human body. homeostasis - Answer the dynamic constancy of the internal physiological environment All human body organs and systems interact with each other in an orderly and synergistic manner -maintained by positive and negative feedbacks. 4 main tissue types: - Answer • Muscle: for movements like contra...

Familial Hypercholeterolemia - Answer inherited disease in which the cells lack the receptors that bind to cholesterol binding LDLs What is the cause of Tay-Sachs disease? - Answer fatal genetic lipid storage disorder in which harmful quantities of a fatty substance called ganglioside GM2 build up in tissues and nerve cells in the brain Gauchers disease - Answer lack of the glucocerebrosidase enzyme causes harmful substances to build up in the liver, spleen, bones, and bone marr...

what is the blood volume in males? - Answer 5-6 Liters what is the blood volume in females? - Answer 4-5 Liters What is the percentage of hematocrit in males? - Answer 42%-52% What is the percentage of hematocrit in females? - Answer 37-47% what are the subunits for globulin plasma protein? - Answer alpha, beta, and gamma what is the function of alpha 1 and alpha 2 subunits of globulin? - Answer to inhibit the function of blood protease enzyme, an enzyme for prot...

Hormones - Answer Chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another endocrine hormones - Answer ductless glands that release hormones into the blood stream cell surface receptors - Answer receptors located on the cell membrane, for protein hormones Intracellular (nuclear) receptors - Answer receptors located on cell's DNA in the nucleus, For steroid and thyroid hormones exocrine - Answer releas...

What is the thickest portion of the heart wall? - Answer Cardiac Muscle Tissue What do striated cells branch into? - Answer Quadrangular shapes intercalated discs - Answer Presence of thickening between adjacent cells Why do intercalated discs contain gap junctions? - Answer To enable action potentials to spread quickly from cell to cell Where is the heart located? - Answer In the mediastinum of the thoracic cavity (between the lungs) Where is the apex of the heart ...

Two classes of parasites - Answer 1. Protozoan 2. Metazoan (helminths) Differences between the 2 parasite classes - Answer 1. Protozoa tend to be unicellular while metazoans tend to be multicellular. 2. Metazoans tend to be low or non-immunogenic. Protozoa are usually contracted from a ___ or ___. - Answer Insect vector, contaminated water Subclasses of metazoans - Answer Platyhelminths (flatworms) and nemathelminths (roundworms) Subclasses of platyhelminthes - Answer ...

1 Exam (elaborations) UF MCB4271 Exam Pre Questions with Complete Rationales 2026-2027 Edition. 2 Exam (elaborations) Mcb4271 Exam-module 4 lectures 9-11 Questions with Quality Answers 2026-2027 Updated. 3 Exam (elaborations) MCB4271 Exam-lectures 29-31 Questions with Solved Solutions.

Clinical Resistance - Answer Multiple factors such as type of bacteria, infection site, antibiotic pharmacokinetics, and the immune response affecting clinical outcomes of antibiotic treatment Antibiotic resistance is a term that is relative to antibiotic __________ that can kill bacteria in a ______________ - Answer Concentration, petri dish Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) - Answer A minimum concentration of an antibiotic required to completely inhibit bacterial growth ...

protein synthesis inhibitors - Answer 1. Aminoglycosides 2. Macrolides 3. Tetracyclines 4. Chloramphenicol 5. Oxazolidinones 6. Lincosamides 7. Streptogramins 8. Mupirocin LINk SM COx AT 30 MinUtes prokaryotic vs eukaryotic ribosomes - Answer Eukaryotes - 80S; 60S & 40S subunits Prokaryotes - protein synthesis is facilitated by *70S* ribosomes; 2 subunits - 50S & 30S bacterial protein synthesis steps - Answer 1. initiation: *30S and 50S* subunits need to come toge...

innate immunity - Answer - immediate response that allows the body to respond as quickly as the invader is detected - includes epithelial barriers - composed of cells that can rapidly respond to the invading pathogen by mounting antimicrobial responses • phagocytes • dendritic cells • compliment • NK cells - last 12 hrs adaptive immunity - Answer long-term protection against reinfections - takes much longer than the innate response - B lymphocytes -> Pl...

cycloserine - Answer 5-membered ring, amide containing Oxazolidinones structure - Answer has a F Both metronidazole and isoniazid... A) are prodrugs B) are commonly used antituberculosis drugs C) inhibit 50S ribosomal subunit D) irreversibly and covalently bind to DNA E) none of the above - Answer A Carbapenems - Answer 5 membered ring attached to beta lactam Methicillin structure - Answer -OCH3 (x2) Monobactams - Answer single 4-membered ring Tetracy...

Antibiotic surveillance & assessment - Answer "To better understand and respond to antimicrobial resistance patterns and key drivers, information about antimicrobial resistance incidence, prevalence, and trends..." WHO surviellance - Answer Bird's eye view of AMR assessment - Answer Diagnostic tools of AMR - To determine the scope of the problem - Formulate effective response to AMR - Monitor effectiveness of the response to AMR - Answer Purpose of surveillance on...

According to WHO, what is the purpose of surveillance? - Answer "To better understand and respond to antimicrobial resistance patterns and key drivers, information about antimicrobial resistance incidence, prevalence, and trends" What is the purpose of surveillance on AMR? - Answer -To determine the scope of the problem -Formulate effective response to AMR -Monitor effectiveness of the response to AMR What are the general conclusions on the surveillance on AMR? - Answer -t...

Clinical resistance - Answer Multiple factors such as type of bacteria, infection site, antibiotic pharmacokinetics, and the immune response affecting clinical outcomes of antibiotic treatment. Minimun inhibitory concentration (MIC) - Answer A minimum concentration of an antibiotic required to completely inhibit bacterial growth. Clinical Resistance: Non-toxic drug concentration - Answer The most effective treatment of bacterial infections is when the antibiotic MIC is non-toxic t...

Antimicrobial Resistance - Answer Ability of microorganism to stop an antimicrobial from working against it Community-Acquired Infection - Answer Infection acquired from communal setting Healthcare-Acquired Infection - Answer -Nosocomial Infection -Infection caught in healthcare setting Multilocus Sequence Typing - Answer Method of isolating bacterial isolate by measuring DNA sequence variation in housekeeping genes Most Probable Number - Answer Method to estimate num...

Antimicrobial Resistance - Answer The ability of a microorganism to stop an antimicrobial from working against it Antibiotics purpose - Answer Kill bacteria or inhibit their growth What does MRSA stand for? - Answer Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus One bacteri_____, two bacteri_____, many bacteri_____ - Answer Bacterium, bacteria, bacteria Candida - Answer Opportunistic pathogen that lives in the human body, serious antifungal-resistant strains have begun to...