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Marbury v. Madison - This case involved the Judiciary Act of 1789. The Supreme Court declared that the law conflicted with the U.S. Constitution, and the case established the principle of judicial review wherein the Supreme Court has the power to declare laws passed by Congress and signed by the president to be unconstitutional. Dred Scott v. Sanford - Supreme Court case that decided US Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in federal territories and slaves, as private pro...

Who was responsible for drafting the Bill of Rights and submitting it to Congress? - James Madison Why did the colonists oppose being taxed by Great Britain? - They did not have elected representatives in the House of Commons What was a major difference between the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution? - The Articles of Confederation did not provide for a national judiciary Why did the framers design the government under the Articles of Confederation with a Congress? ...

Powers under the Articles of Confederation 1. Could exchange Ambassadors 2. Make treaties with foreign governments and Indian Tribes 3. Declare War 4. Borrow Money 5. Settle disputes among States Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation no power to tax, President lacked power, no money to buy ships no money pay soldiers no national judiciary New Jersey Plan William Paterson Three Branches of Government The states had the power Every state had one vote one chamber legi...

natrual rights - Life, Liberty, and Property John Locke - 17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property. State of Nature - Hypothetical condition assumed to exist in the absence of government where human beings live in "complete" freedom and general equality. Due Process - involves the government's obligation to treat all citizens fairly. Such a requirement lessens th...

Muscle imbalances - alteration of muscle length surrounding a joint Obesity - The condition of being considerably overweight, and refers to a person with a body mass index of 30 or greater, or who is at least 30 pounds over his or her recommended weight What is the BMI of a typical obese individual? - 30 or greater Refers to a person with a body mass index of 25-29.9 or who is between 25-30 pounds over the recommended weight - overweight These are also known as cholestero...

Medial - the midline of the body distal - further away from the midline of the body proximal - closer to the midline of the body ipsilateral - on the same side of the body contralateral - on the opposite side of the body inferior - below the midline superior - above the midline anterior - front of the body posterior - back of the body Golgi Tendon Organs - Senses Muscle Tension Relaxes muscle in response Normal reaction to avoid injury ...

The Golgi tendon organ is an essential component of static stretching because it - Prevents muscle from being placed under excessive tension What is the correct force-couple relationship that allows for the upward rotation of the scapula? - Upper trapezius and lower portions of the serratus anterior Deoxygenated blood is pumped from the right ventricle to the lungs through? - pulmonary arteries Dynamic stretching improves soft tissue extensibility by using...? - reciprocal i...

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Proprioception - The body's ability to to sense the relative position of adjacent parts of the body Ex: when walking our feet give us proprioception about the type of surface we are on. Mechanoreceptors - specialized structures that recognize pressure in tissue and transmit signals to sensory nerves. Muscle Spindles - sensory receptors in the muscles that are parallel to the muscle fibers and are sensitive to change in muscle length. Spindles stretch with muscle and sends info...

Subjective Information - Information that is gathered from a prospective client to give the health and fitness professional feedback regarding personal history such as occupation, lifestyle and medical background. Program Design - A purposeful system or plan put together to help an individual achieve a specific goal. Biomechanics - A study that uses principals of physics to quantitatively study how forces interact within a living body. Dietary Supplement - A substance that c...

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