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The domestic (potable) water system in a hospital has had Legionella positivity averaging 45% over six sampling dates in the past 12 months. The hospital does not have a supplemental disinfection system but has hyperchlorinated the domestic water at 20 parts per million free chlorines for a 2-hour period three times in the past 9 months. The public water supply at the point of building entry (POE) has had a disinfectant residual ranging from 0 to 0.2 parts per million over the last four months, ...

Legionnaires disease - Answer serious bacterial pneumonia Symptoms: pneumonia, cough, shortness of breath, fever, muscle aches, diarrhea, headache, nausea, confusion Incubation period: 2-14 days can cause lung failure resulting in hospitalization and/or death Case fatality rate of 10% or 15% is healthcare-associated Less than 5% of exposed will get sick Modes of transmission - Answer inhalation or aspiration of aerosolized water droplets containing the bacteria NOT person-to-pers...

Legionella Disease Host/ Reservoir - Answer Waterborne disease, aerosolized water Legionella Geographic Locations - Answer Global prevalence - Anywhere with fresh water Legionella Seasonal Patterns of occurrence - Answer More cases generally during summer or autumn Legionella Disease Agent - Answer Legionellae, Gram Negative Bacteria Legionella Disease Environment - Answer freshwater environments, like lakes and streams. It can become a health concern when it grows a...

constant use - Answer 1 ) Many health care facilities are in use 24 hours a day , 365 days a year . The systems that support these facilities must be robust enough to handle ? . International code Council ( ICC ) - Answer 2 ) In 1994 , three regional building code organizations met to create a single building code for adoption across the Country. What is the name of the code created as a result of the historic meeting? True - Answer 3 ) Once a building permit has been issued , a c...

Per the [US] CDC, which Legionella diagnostic test allows clinical and environmental isolates to be compared, to help investigators identify where exposure occurred? - Answer Sputum culture Primary factors that affect Legionella growth include all but which of the following: Temperature, Flow Rate, Pressure, pH - Answer Pressure In the absence of stagnation, biofilm, and other complexities, Legionella pneumophila will survive but not multiply in water at what temperature? - Answer...

The preferred tests for diagnosing Legionnaires' disease are _______ of ________ respiratory secretions (e.g., sputum) on selective media and the Legionella ________ antigen test. - Answer Culture, lower, urinary If indications warrant testing a patient for Legionnaires' disease, it is best practice is to obtain the following: a. sputum for culture b. urine for the urinary antigen test c. both sputum for culture and urine for a urinary antigen test concurrently - Answer c. both...

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Clinical Microbiology - Answer Diagnosing infectious diseases by identifying pathogenic microbes and advising medical providers on treatment - A subset of microbiology Clinical labs must identify pathogens safely, efficiently and reliably Safety in the Microbiology Lab - Answer Established to minimize risk of accidental lab infections - prevent biological hazards Biosafety Level (BSL) - Answer Containment potential BSL1 - BSL4 BSL 1 - Answer - Teaching labs - do NOT...

Why are wild type genotypes useful? - Answer They are used as a non-mutated reference point Screening tests hundreds/thousands/millions of colonies (select one) - Answer Thousands What are auxoautotrophs? - Answer Mutants that cannot biosynthesize certain amino acids What is a spontaneous mutation? - Answer A mutation that arises naturally and not as a result of exposure to mutagens What is an induced mutation? - Answer Caused by mutagens What is a point mutation? -...

what is the important advantage of pfu pol of taq - Answer has proofreading activity whats the difference between PRC and RT PCR - Answer RTPCR uses an RNA template whereas PCR uses a DNA template which objective would be best to use a southern rather than nothern blot - Answer determine if a gene is present in a genome a PCR rxn coies individual gene in vitro with what as primers - Answer pair of DNA which time periods during PCR thermocycling is hottest - Answer dena...

Antisepsis - Answer Removing pathogens from living tissue Acidophiles - Answer grow at extreme acid pH How do bacteria archaea replicate? - Answer binary fission budding form filaments - all must replicate and segregate the genome prior to divison bacterial cell cycle - Answer cell cycle is sequence of events from formation of new cell through the next cell division consists of 3 phases: 1. period of growth after the cell is born chromosome replication and partition...

microorganism - Answer unicellular, multicellular, acellular microscopic organisms acellular - Answer lacking a cell virus Cellular - Answer 3 domains; bacteria, archea and eukarya Spontaneous generation - Answer that living things arised from non-living matter who disproved the spontaneuous generation theory - Answer louis pasteur Swan Neck Experiment - Answer step 1: flask with swan neck- air could come in, dirt could not, nothing grew in broth step 2: flask...

What are some properties of all cells? - Answer Growth, metabolism, and evolution What are properties of some cells? - Answer differentiation, communication, genetic exchange, motility What domain of life do microorganisms belong to? - Answer Eukarya How did the diversity of life arise? - Answer Through evolution Which encoding gene was/is slow to evolve? - Answer The gene encoding the small ribosomal subunit in both eukarya (18S) and Bacteria/Archaea (16S) Which do...

3 micro environments of the skin. - Answer - Dry - Moist - Sebacious glands Dry Skin - Answer Mainly colonized by Betaproteobacteria and Corynebacteria Moist Skin - Answer Mainly colonized by Corynebacteria and Staphyococci Sebaceous Skin - Answer Mainly colonized by Propionibacteria Oral Cavity - Answer - Complex heterogeneous microbial habitat - Saliva contains antimicrobial enzymes - High concentration of nutrients near surfaces promote localized microbial grow...

What is genetic engineering? - Answer using in vitro techniques to alter genetic material in the lab What is recombinant DNA technology? - Answer the artificial recombination of DNA from two organisms What are some basic techniques of genetic engineering? - Answer DNA amplification electrophoesis nucleic acid hybridization molecular cloning expressing foreign genes targeted mutagenesis What is heterologous expression? - Answer expressing a gene in a different host Wh...

The concept that living organisms arise from nonliving material is called _____________. - Answer spontaneous generation While each of these processes are believed to have evolved prior to aerobic respiration, which one os the most critical process, without which aerobic respiration could have never developed? - Answer Oxygenic photosynthesis The ribosomal RNA studies that led to the division of prokaryotic organisms into the Bacteria and the Archaea were begun by ________. - Answer ...

Which of the following distinguish the field of microbiology from other fields of biology? A) The techniques used to study organisms regardless of their size. B) Neither the size of the organism studied nor the techniques employed in the study of organisms regardless of their size. C) Both the size of the organism studied and the techniques employed in the study of organisms. D)The size of the organism studied. - Answer C The concept that living organisms arise from nonliving materia...

definition of microbiology - Answer study of things that are not visible to the naked eye - microorganisms microorganisms can be... - Answer unicellular, multicellular, acellular insulin and microbes - Answer insulin made by modifying production of milk and microbes - Answer microbes in cows stomach responsible for milk production why is microbiology the backbone of the food chain - Answer microbes are responsible for fixing atmospheric nitrogen for plant growth wh...

Mutation - Answer Heritable change in DNA sequence that can lead to a change in phenotype Phenotype - Answer observable properties of an organism Mutant - Answer a strain of any cell or virus differing from parental strain genotype Genotype - Answer nucleotide sequence of genome Wild-type Strain - Answer Typically refers to stain isolated from nature Selectable Mutations - Answer -those that give the mutant a growth advantage under certain conditions -useful in...

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