Brainarium

Warfarin- Clinical Use - ️️Chronic anticoagulation Warfarin- Pregnancy - ️️CI in pregnant women--crosses placenta Warfarin- AE - ️️Bleeding, tissue necrosis Warfarin- Mechanism - ️️Interferes w/ vitamin K dependent clotting factors (II, VII, IX, X, C, S) Warfarin- Pathway, effect on PT/INR - ️️Extrinsic factor, increased PT Digoxin- MOA - ️️Direct inhibition of Na/K ATPase --> indirect inhibition of Na/Ca exchange Increased Calcium concentration --> positive...

prevalence vs incidence Prevalence - number of cases at a particular time Incidence - number of new cases odds ratio vs relative risk odds ratio: for case control studies control for disease and examine exposure odds dz+ in exposed group/odds dz+ in unexposed (a/b)/(c/d) ratio is not a fraction! so the bottom number is not the total its the unaffected relative risk: for cohort studies that control for exposures and examine who got the disease prob getting dz exposed/prob getting dz une...

Scientific Method - ️️1. Observation: prompts a question 2. Question 3. Hypothesis: educated guess 4. Experiment: has a controlled group, and an experimental group: has an independent variable and confounding variables: changes outcomes and is not controlled. 5. Results 6. Conclusion 7. Analysis Limits to the Scientific Method - ️️It cannot give insight in the generation of the value judgement. Does not generate moral statements or other types of non quantifiable subjunctive in...

JJ Thomson Cathode Ray Tube - ️️Electron Charge and Mass Robert Milikan Oil Drop - ️️Electron Mass Ernest Rutherford Gold Foil - ️️Nucleus and Proton James Chadwick Particle Accelerator - ️️Neutron chlorate - ️️ClO₃⁻ nitrate - ️️NO₃⁻ carbonate - ️️CO₃²⁻ sulfate - ️️SO₄²⁻ phosphate - ️️PO₄³⁻ hydroxide - ️️OH⁻ bicarbonate - ️️HCO₃⁻ ammonium - ️️NH₄⁺ ammonia - ️️NH₃

Nobel prizes awarded for topics in immunology in the past two decades include all of the following EXCEPT: the role of dendritic cells in activating the adaptive immune system. the role of gene rearrangement in generating diversity. the role of the major histocompatibility complex in activating T cells. the role of viruses in cervical cancer. All of the above - CORRECT ANSWER-the role of gene rearrangement in generating diversity. The immune system often rejects transplanted tissues beca...

What are the six major functions of the GI system? - ️️-Ingestion of Nutrients -Mechanical processing -Secretion -Chemical processing -Absorption -Excretion What is unique about ingestion of nutrients compared to the other functions of the GI system? - ️️It is the only one under your conscious control. You choose what to eat and when to eat it- every other function is regulated by the ANS. Why is mechanical processing of food so important - ️️Chewing is so important because...

What is an articulation? - ️️An articulation is the meeting place of two or more bones. The type of tissues that connecting the bones together with determine the functions of the joint (freely movable?) and the structural classification of that joint. Range of motion: - ️️refers to the normal extent of mobility for a specific joint movement degrees of freedom - ️️the number of axes at which movement in a joint occurs Biaxial joint - ️️If you have two axes of rotation, two ...

functions of the respiratory system - ️️gas exchange, regulate blood [H+], speech, defense against microbes upper respiratory tract - ️️nose, sinuses, pharynx lower respiratory tract - ️️starts with larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, thoracic cavity, continues through alveoli. conducting zone - ️️purpose is to filter, warm, and moisten air, and conduct it to lungs. conducting zone starts with nose/pharynx and extends to terminal bronchioles. nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, lary...

What is true about the breakdown of red blood cells? - ️️>> Iron is carried through the plasma by transferrin >> Bilirubin is excreted in the urine >> Bilirubin is excreted in the bile >> Iron is carried through the plasma by transferrin Adult hemoglobin is composed of what components? - ️️>> four heme groups >> two beta subunits >> two alpha subunits Infant hemoglobin is composed of what components? - ️️>> four heme groups &gt...

possible treatments - ️️cold ringer's solution (4 degrees c), 0.1 mM DNP, low sodium what must be done to the intestinal sac for this experiment - ️️it must be inverted why is there no gradient for the movement of glucose - ️️the sacs contain the same glucose concentration as the external incubating solution what must be in each beaker - ️️aerator valid standard curve value - ️️R2= 0.98 what is x on the graph - ️️concentration of glucose what is y on the graph ...

respiratory pigments - ️️proteins that transport oxygen, greatly increase the amount of oxygen that blood can carry what is the respiratory pigment in vertebrates? - ️️hemoglobin oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve - ️️Relationship between available oxygen and amount of oxygen carried by hemoglobin. sigmoidal shape binding of oxygen to hemoglobin dependent upon partial pressure of oxygen cooperative binding of hemoglobin - ️️- hemoglobin consists of four prosthetic heme grou...

Increased presence of which of the following proteins could be an indicator of myocardial infarction? A. Creatinine kinase B. Aspartate transaminase C. Lactate dehydrogenase D. All of above - ️️D. All of above Which is not true during coronary artery bypass graft surgery? A. Blood vessels, or grafts, used for the bypass procedure may be pieces of a vein from your leg or an artery in your chest. B. To sew the grafts onto the very small coronary arteries, your healthcare provider will...

2 Types of Specific Resistance - ️️-Antibody Mediated -Cell Mediated Antibody Mediated Specific Response - ️️-Humoral -Defends against free bacteria and viruses in blood/body -B Lymphocytes secrete specific antibodies Cell Mediated Specific Response - ️️-Defends against abnormal/transformed cells -Cytotoxic T lymphocyte mediated Stages of Specific Resistance - ️️-Antigen Encounter and Recognition by Lymphocytes: Antigens binds to lymphocyte receptor and processes antigen ...

What are the sources of water gain and loss in humans? - ️️-Gain: liquids, food, and produced metabolically -Loss: insensible loss through skin and lungs, sweat, feces, urine What is meant by "insensible"? - ️️Cannot be regulated or prevented What can cause severe water loss, NaCl loss, and loss of both? - ️️-Water loss: Vomiting and diarrhea -NaCl loss: vomiting, diarrhea, sweating -Both: hemorrhage What are the sources of NaCl gain and loss in humans? - ️️-Gain: f...

what phase does blood clotting first occur - ️️vascular spasm Saul is suffering from Atransferrinemia, a genetic disorder where the protein Transferrin is not produced. Which of the following might Saul experience? - ️️Kidney damage The intrinsic pathway for blood clotting is initiated by - ️️exposure of clotting factors to collagen fibers on the venus side of the capillary, hydrostatic pressure is _______ than osmotic pressure and there is net _____ - ️️less, resabsorption...

What are the three major functions of the kidneys? - ️️-Excretion of wastes and foreign chemicals -Regulation of water and ion (salt) balance (pH/Bicarb) -Secretion of hormones How many liters of fluid do the kidneys filter per day? - ️️~180 liters/day How man liters of urine does a human output per day? - ️️~1-2 liters/day What is the normal blood volume of a human?How long does it take to filter your entire plasma volume? - ️️3 Liters, ~45 minutes What does filtrate con...

Pressure creates ________. - ️️Flow Flow leads to _________ pressure. - ️️Lower Resistance leads to ________ pressure. - ️️High Decreased chamber volume leads to _________ volume. - ️️Increased Pumping supplies the pressure to move through a set of capillaries. - ️️ The heart is a ________ pump. - ️️double Two pumps in heart: - ️️One pump is needed for systemic circulation. One pump is needed for pulmonary circulation. Pump 1 right heart: - ️️Pulmonary cir...

What type of tissue is blood? - ️️Connective tissue What does blood consist of (4 things)? - ️️-Plasma: 46-63% -Formed elements: 37-54%, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets What happens when blood is spun at a fast rate in a centrifuge? - ️️Red blood cells collect at the bottom, a Buffy coat of white blood cells collects in the middle, and the fluid blood plasma collects at the top What is the purpose of blood? - ️️-Transport medium which carries materials throug...

Normal Lung Tissue What type of tissue is in this image? Lung tissue Lung tissue with emphysema What type of tissue is in this image?Lung tissue with emphysema Lung tissue with tuberculosis What type of tissue is in this image? Lung tissue with tuberculosisNormal Larynx tissue What type of tissue is in this image? Larynx tissue Normal Trachea tissue What type of tissue is in this image?Trachea tissue Thyroid Cartilage What is labeled A?Thyroid Cartilage Cricoid Cartilage What is l...

If water infiltration is suspected behind a finished surface. What tool would be the best choice to verify dampness? - ️️a non-contact moisture meter Gas-fired furnace heat exchangers most often fail from - ️️rust and metal fatigue Relative Humidity (RH) is expressed as - ️️percentage Connections of dissimilar metal in a plumbing system, such as galvanized steel pipe and copper pipe, will usually cause - ️️electrolysis Which has the LEAST effect on the deflection of a dimen...