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Mixture of Gas and Air (the fuel mixture) – ANSWERS What does the Internal Combustion engine burn? 1. Intake 2. Compression 3. Power 4. Exhaust – ANSWERS What are the 4 strokes that make up a cycle? (in car engine) Intake - ANSWERSThis valve opens as the connecting rod pulls the piston down, drawing the gas/air mix into the cylinder Compression - ANSWERSThe valves are closed. The connecting rod pushes the piston up, compressing gas/air mix Power - ANSWERS...

First-pass metabolism - ANSWERSThe process by which a drug is metabolized in the liver after absorption but before reaching systemic circulation. Sublingual administration - ANSWERSA route of administration that bypasses the first-pass effect. Antagonist - ANSWERSA drug with high affinity but no intrinsic activity. Bioavailability - ANSWERSThe fraction (%) of an administered dose of unchanged drug that reaches systemic circulation. Beta-blockers - ANSWERSDrugs that block beta-adrener...

Lisinopril Side Effect - ANSWERSThe accumulation of this substance due to ACE inhibition can lead to a persistent dry cough. Furosemide and Potassium - ANSWERSThis intervention is necessary to address low potassium levels caused by the diuretic. Fluoxetine and Tramadol Interaction - ANSWERSThis combination may lead to an increased risk of a potentially life-threatening condition characterized by excessive serotonin activity. Acetaminophen Toxicity - ANSWERSThis organ is primarily at ris...

Furosemide - ANSWERSA loop diuretic commonly used to treat edema and hypertension, often causing low potassium levels as a side effect. INR - ANSWERSA lab test that measures the time it takes for blood to clot, crucial for monitoring patients on warfarin. Flumazenil - ANSWERSAn antidote used to reverse the effects of benzodiazepine overdose. Omeprazole - ANSWERSA medication that reduces stomach acid production by inhibiting proton pumps. ACE inhibitors - ANSWERSA class of medications...

Pharmacokinetics - ANSWERSThe Study of drug movement throughout the body includes 4 basic processes: absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion. Absorption - ANSWERSThe drug's movement from the blood to the interstitial space of tissues and from there into cells. Metabolism - ANSWERSThe enzymatically mediated alteration of drug structure. Excretion - ANSWERSThe movement of drugs and their metabolites out of the body. Elimination - ANSWERSThe combination of metabolism and excr...

CNS neurotransmitters (Monoamines) - ANSWERSDopamine Epinephrine Norepinephrine Serotonin CNS neurotransmitters (Amino Acids) - ANSWERSAspartate Gamma-aminobutyric acid Glutamate Glycine CNS neurotransmitters (Purines) - ANSWERSAdenosine Adenosine Monophosphate Adenosine Triphosphate CNS Neurotransmitters (Opioid Peptides) - ANSWERSDynorphins Endorphins Enkephalins CNS Neurotransmitter (Nonopioid peptides) - ANSWERSNeurotensin Oxytocin Somatostatin Substance P Vasopress...

Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) - ANSWERSany noxious, unintended, and undesired effect that occurs at normal drug doses side effects - ANSWERSa nearly unavoidable secondary drug effect produced at therapeutic doses Toxicity - ANSWERSDegree of detrimental physiologic effects caused by excessive drug dosing (severe ADR) idiosyncratic effect - ANSWERSUncommon drug response from a genetic predisposition paradoxical effect - ANSWERSthe opposite of the intended drug response Iatragenic dise...

Why are nitrate-free periods every 24 hours necessary for the patient on nitroglycerin therapy? - ANSWERSTo inhibit the development of tolerance What does a low level of thyroid-stimulating hormone indicate? - ANSWERSHyperthroidism What would be the best option to treat a newly diagnosed patient with a low TSH level with? - ANSWERSPropanolol (Inderal) Spironoaldactone (Aldactone) has what mechanism of action (MOA)? - ANSWERSAldosterone antagonist Heparin exerts its therapeutic action...

What is a desired outcome when a drug is described as easy to administer? a. It enhances patient adherence to the drug regimen. b. It is usually relatively inexpensive to produce. c. It does not interact significantly with other medications. d. It can be stored indefinitely without need for refrigeration. - ANSWERSA. It enhances patient adherence to the drug regimen. The nurse is caring for a child who has ingested a toxic amount of aspirin. The provider orders an intravenous drug that ...

A common supraventricular arrhythmia is: - ANSWERSAtrial fibrillation ACE inhibitors are used to reduce the work of the heart by: - ANSWERSInducing vasodilation All of the following ions are influential in the heart's conduction system except: - ANSWERSMagnesium In heart failure, all of the following conditions can occur except: - ANSWERSSelect one: Increased fluid removal by the kidneys In which of the following ways is Dobutamine prepared for administration? - ANSWERSIntravenous...