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Antecedent Interventions - Antecedent stimuli are manipulated to evoke desirable behaviours that can be reinforced Antecedent interventions can also be called what 2 things? - - Antecedent control procedures - Antecedent manipulations Antecedent interventions: Step 1: Presenting, modifying, or _______ new sD for desirable behaviour - Developing A study looked at the amount of times a _____ would show the characters using seatbelts - Comic During this comic studying, the behavioural treatm...

token - a tangible symbol that can be given immediately after a behaviour and exchanged later for known reinforcers, called backup reinforcers Token economies are - - directed at changing the behaviours of groups of people, not just an individual - directed at changing a number of target behaviours - apply complex systems to manage the consequences of behaviours What needs to be considered when starting a token economy - • decide on the target behaviours • conduct a functional assessm...

what is Differential Reinforcement? - one particular behaviour is reinforced whereas all others are not What are successive approximations? - when each consecutive behaviour resembles the target behaviour more closely in a series of shaping events what happens when a behaviour is extinguished? - -extinction burst and novel behaviours -the novel behaviour most similar to the target behaviour is reinforced what happens if shaping steps advance too quickly? - the behaviour deteriorates, and r...

operant extinction - The reinforcer supporting the behavior is no longer given. Response weakens or decreases gradually. negative punishment - A reinforcer is removed or withdrawn (appetitive stimulus is removed which decreases or eliminates the target behavior). Can be used through time-out or response cost Time-out - contingent removal of access to reinforcers. response weakens or decreases rapidly Response Cost - A reinforcer is taken away from the person; contingent loss of a reinforcer...

What is the complex behavior comprised of several component behaviors that occur together in a certain order? - Behavioural chain What is another name for a behavior chain because each behavior produces a stimulus that acts as an SD for the next behavior? - Stimulus response chain When is reinforcement give in chaining? - Final response What is the identification of all antecedent stimuli and responses in the sequence that comprise a behavioural chain? - Task analysis What are three diffe...

What are cognitive behavioural therapies? - Combine cognitive and behavioural techniques to help clients to: - Understand problems - See patterns of irrational thought - Evaluate behaviours based on more rational thinking - Teach new skills to promote self-regulation What do cognitive processes include? - - Thoughts - Perceptions - Beliefs - Expectations - Attributions - Self-statements What problem behaviours arise from cognitive processes? - - Clinical depression - Fear of unlikel...

behaviour - a simple action that can be overt or covert 5 characteristics of behaviour - involves a person's actions (behaviour is described in action terms); not a static characteristic (eg. angry is not a behaviour) - measurable dimensions (frequency, duration, intensity, latency) - observed, described, and recorded by others or by the person engaging in the behaviour - has an impact on the environment - lawful (occurence is systematically influence by environmental events) target beh...

Fear - caused by a stimulus or situation that produces unpleasant physiological response (autonomic nervous system arousal, or anxiety) and cognitive appraisal - comprised of both respondent conditioning and operant behaviours - respondent conditioning: conditioned emotional response (CER) e.g., sight of escalator (CS) → autonomic system arousal (CR) - operant conditioning: escape or avoidance (negative reinforcement) e.g., autonomic system arousal (SD) → avoiding escalator and taking ...

According to the lecture on conflict resolution, a workplace in which conflicts are proactively addressed and resolved is A a traditional workplace B an accommodating workplace C a collaborative workplace D a tough place to work - Answer-C a collaborative workplace If a spill of contaminants occurs, there is a obligation to A notify the department of labor B notify the surrounding residents immediately C notify the media D notify the spill action center - Answer-D notify the spill acti...

Engineer - Application of scientific and math principles to practical ends Where does the word engineer come from? - Ingenium - inventor of product of genius Common elements of a profession - -Specialized knowledge by education and training -Obligation to the public -Self-governing and discipline -Code of ethics -Expectation to be compensated -License required Area involved in the career system - Technology and Innovation Economic Forces Demographic/Social changes Government policies ...

Which single element of the profession ensures that all the remaining elements are satisfied? - License required by Legislation. At the time of building the great pyramids in old Egypt, the title "Master Builder" and "Architekton" referred to people with similar skills. (T/F) - True The Greek engineers perfected the use of the arch. (T/F) - False Before industrial revolution, what professions were known as "black professions"? - Law, Divinity, Medicine The term "Electric Century" ...

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What is the mission for the fire service? - Answer-to save lives and protect property What NFPA standard establishes basic training criteria for Firefighter 1 and Firefighter 2? - Answer-1001 Which of the following fire service organizational principals is described as a formal line of authority? - Answer-Chain of Command A(an)___ is a written step by step plan of action. - Answer-procedure Which of the following is the best action to take when approached by media while on scene? - AnswerDi...

Damage caused by fire and smoke is referred to as: - primary damage Special loss-control-related concerns are identified and addressed: - during preincident planning Depending on the size and organization of a fire department, salvage operations are generally assigned to which of the following? - Ladder companies and specially designed salvage or overhaul companies Which of the following materials are salvage covers for loss control typically made of? - Waterproof canvas or vinyl Which of...

parts of a ladder - ️️chucks, rungs, beams, halyard, fly, bed, tip, feet gusset plates combo nozzel- describe stream and parts - ️️a straight stream< right to fight left to fog hold it out in front, pistol grip (never use) bale always open slowly to maintained stable water pressure creating an water shock is no good TYPE 1: FIRE RESISTIVE - ️️Provides highest level of protection from fire development and spread as well as collapse. Reinforced concrete, precast, concrete, and...

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Bundled Exams with complete solution

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation - 1. noninvasively stimulate human brain 2. Brief high-intensity magnetic field passes an electric current through a magnetic coil 3. Stimulation can be excitatory or inhibitory (fMRI is not good w inhibitory) 4. All parts of brain within the magnetic field will be stimulated Application of TMS - 1. Basic Science including sensory motor or cognitive functions 2. Therapeutic History - 1. TES: 1980 somewhat painful 2. TMS: 1985 not as painful - 1. Brief hi...

TMS - technique for inducing virtual lesions or temporarily excite neurons Principles - rapidly changing magnetic fields => induction of electric current Method - - a coil is placed near the participant's head - very brief, very large pulse of current is run through - induction of strong, transient magnetic field - transient magnetic field induces current in nearby conductors (e.g. neurons in the brain) Can Cause - - activation: response of peripheral muscles after stimulation - inhib...

What is TMS? - A "non-invasive" technique to create virtual cortical "lesions" Why have studies on patients with real lesions informed cognitive science for a long time? - They allow studying what patients can't do anymore Phineas Gage () - An American railroad construction worker who suffered a serious injury by an iron rod piercing his head and frontal cortex What did Gage's injuries lead to? - Severe personality changes What can allow for better understanding the function of speci...

TMS is what type of stimulation method? - Noninvasive The TMS device electrical capacitors/currents to generate a? - Magnetic field tDCS delivers what type of electrical current? - Constant and low current tDCS uses what 2 types of electrodes on the scalp? - Anode & cathode Neurons under the anode become? - Depolarized Neurons on the cathode become? - Hyperpolarized A disadvantage of tDCS is? - Poor spatial resolution tDCS, tACS, and TMS all have what disadvantage? - Poor spatial resoluti...