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Vitamin B1 (thiamine) - Deficiency - Impaired glucose breakdown p ATP depletion worsened by glucose infusion; highly aerobic tissues (eg, brain, heart) are affected first. In alcoholic or malnourished patients, give thiamine before dextrose to reduce risk of precipitating Wernicke encephalopathy. Diagnosis made by increase in RBC transketolase activity following vitamin B1 administration Vitamin A (retinol) - Excess - Acute toxicity—nausea, vomiting, vertigo, and blurred vision. Chronic t...

What is the biochemical problem in Lesch-Nyhan syndrome? (And, only if you got that right, what are the really cool symptoms of it?) - Defective purine catabolism, so buildup of purines. It's an Xlinked recessive disorder with mutated HGPRT gene (hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase, if you want to impress people). What is the defect in Chronic Granulomatous disease? What is the pathophysiology? - NADPH Oxidase deficiency leads to the inability to kill intracellular organisms Wha...

anti-Smith - SLE, specific ANti-Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase - T1DM Antithyroglobulin - Hashimoto Thyroiditis Anti-dsDNA - SLE, specific Anti-Basement Membrane - Goodpasture Syndrome Anti-ACh receptor - Myasthenia Gravis Anticardiolipin - SLE (antiphospholipid syndrome) Anticentromere - CREST Scleroderma Anti-Desmosome - Pemphigus Vulgaris Anti-Desmoglein - Pemphigus Vulgaris Antihemidesmosome - Bullous Pemphigoid Anti-Histone - Drug-Induced Lupus Anti-Jo-1 - Polymyositis, Dermatomyos...

What is current recommendation of giving a meningococcal vaccine - ?All children age 11-12 ynBooster at 16nCan be given to children as young as 2 years if high risk What type of rates should be associated with Incidence? - Attack rate---you shrink the denominator as per the exposure. Create a difference 'attack rate' for every food that was eaten in a restaurant, saw, and the one with the highest rate is the culprit. (Acute conditions) What are most disease rates in the US for most a...

what must happen in the nucleus so that 7-methylguanosine can be added to RNA in the cytosol? - 5' capping treatment of hyperammonemia (HCV, urea cycle deficiency) - limit protein in diet benzoate, phenylbutarate (bind a.a.'s, increased aa exretion) actulose (acidify GI tract, trap NH4 for excretion) infant with somnolence, vomiting, cerebral edema, decreased BUN, hyperammonemia - ornithine transcarbamoylase deficiency infantile cataracts, doesn't track objects, absent social smile - g...

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Name the 2 major rivers and major estuary of Bordeaux - Garonne, Dordogne & Gironde List the ingredients in a stinger - Brandy & Creme de menthe List the ingredients in a Manhattan - Rye or Canadian Whiskey. Sweet Red Vermouth. Bitters A dry Côtes du Jura AOP white wine would typically be 100% what? - Chardonnay Côte Brune and Côte Blonde are located within which AOP? - Côte-Rôtie Define Vin doux naturel - A sweet, fortified wine Describe the production method of vin de paille - Ripe ...

When a wine label carries a vintage, what percentage of grapes must have been grown in that particular year? a.75% b.95% c.100% d.85% - b.95% What are the 3 grapes of Sherry? a.Palomino, Muscat, Tinto Fino b.Palomino, Rodrigo Manzanilla, Moscatel c.Tinto Fino, Manzanilla, Crianza d.Palomino, Pedro Ximinez, Moscatel - d. Palomino, Pedro Ximinez, Moscatel What does the term "trocken" mean? dry - What is the northern most wine growing region in Burgundy? a.Dijon b.Chablis ...

Mistral is the name for - A pervasive wind in the Rhone Valley Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) - Rotten eggs Color staining on the glass from red wine could be indicative of - Increased alcohol levels Chaptalization - Addition of sugar to must to increase the final alcohol content Brightness scale - Dull, hazy, bright, day-bright, star bright Barolo and Barbaresco are from which province of Italy? - Piedmont Acidification - The addition of acids to must or finished wine Alcoholic fermentation - Su...

What undesirable feature does H2S impart? (Hydrogen Sulfide) - Onion, rubber, rotten egg What is concentration in regards to the color of wine? - It is the intensity or depth of color. What is an AOP? - Appellation d'Origine Protegee Describe mesoclimate - Climate around vineyard What is the difference between Domaine and Negociant? - Domaine: The entire process- from growing grapes to bottling and aging the wine- takes place at the Domaine itself. What is Oxidation? - The interaction bet...

How does noble rot affect semillon? - mold punctures grape skin water germinates pores & evaporates grape dehydrates sugar in juice concentrated acidity isn't diminished What are the grape varieties grown in Bordeaux? - Red: Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Cabernet Franc, Malbec, Petite Verdot, Carmenere White: Semillon, Sauvingnon Blanc, Muscadelle, Ugni Blanc What is the climate of Bordeaux? - Maritime What major bodies of water influence Bordeaux? - Atlantic Ocean Gironde Estuary (Dord...

New World - Potential Reasons - - there is no dominant earth of mineral character - fruit aromas and flavors lead and dominate the non fruit elements -the fruit smells sweet and ripe, thus dominating the nose - the fruit stays ripe or gets riper on the palate Main factors of Pulp (flesh) - Water - resides in the pulp of grapes Sugar - increases when grape ripens Acids - decrease as grape ripens Seeds/Pips - can give bitter flavors, if pressed How do you describe a climate? - Large to sma...

Name one of the five "Regions" in South Africa. - Coastal Region Breede River Valley Olifants River Klein Karoo Others What is the Italian term for effervescent, or lightly sparkling wine? - Vino Frizzante What is the Spanish term for Sparkling Wine? - Vino Espumosso What is the Spanish term for effervescent, or lightly sparkling wine? - Vino de Aguja What is the formula of alcoholic fermentation? - Sugar + Yeast = Alcohol + Carbon Dioxide (C6H12O6 -> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2) What are the...

A shive is correctly described as the: - Round piece of hard wood or plastic used as a bung in the top of a cask Detergents should not be mixed together because they: - May give off poisonous Wine made from the pressings of red grape skins after they have been removed form the fermenting must is: - Vin de Presse The Hawthorn strainer is used: - In conjunction with a mixing glass Nitrogen and carbon dioxide may be fed into casks of traditional cask conditioned beer to: - Prevent spoiling b...

What is riddling or remuage - The gradual movement off expired yeast cells (sediment) to the neck of the bottle by turning Negociant - Merchants who do not own the vineyard land, but will buy grapes and or finished wine for blending and bottling under their own label Name 4 vine diseases - Powdery mildew, downy mildew, leaf roll virus and fanleaf degeneration, pierces disease What is malolactic fermentation - The conversion of malic acid into softer lactic acid, can often give a buttery t...

List the ingredients in a Manhattan - Rye or Canadian Whiskey. Sweet Red Vermouth. Bitters What are the 3 generic AOP of bordeaux? - Bordeaux AOP Bordeaux Supérieur AOP Crémant de Bordeaux AOP Which anbaugebiete primarily produces spätburgunder (currently 88% of production)? - The Ahr Which anbaugebiete is known for producing Silvaner? - Franken Name the 5 first growths and their communes - Château Lafite Rothschild (Pauillac) Château Margaux (Margaux) Château Latour (Pauillac) Ch...

What varietal is Central Otago famous for? a.Sav Blanc b.Semillion c.Boytritis Wines from Muscadelle d.Pinot Noir - d. Pinot Noir What is the process that removes dead yeast cells in the traditional champagne method? - dégorgement Which Oregon AVA is not a sub region of Willamette Valley? a.Dundee Hills b.Rogue Valley c.McMinnville d.Ribbon Ridge - b. Rogue Valley Which single malt scotch region is known for its peaty, briny flavor profile? a.Highlands b.Walker Mountain Valley c....

Selection de Grains Noble is what type of wine? - Botrytis dessert wine from a single noble variety Chateauneuf-du-Pape is located in - Rhone Valley Color staining on the glass from red wine could be indicative of - Increased alcohol levels Mistral is the name for - A pervasive wind in the Rhone Valley Sediment ine wine can be due to - Tartrates Tannins are sensed on the palate as - Bitterness and/or astringency Typically a wine from Pomerol will be a blend of - Merlot and Cabernet Franc ...

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dormant commerce clause - implied that because Congress/ federal government has the power to regulate interstate commerce, the states do not diversity jurisdiction/ diversity of citizenship - the power of the federal courts to hear matters of state law if the opposing parties are from different states and the amount in controversy exceeds $75,000 administrative agency - state, local, or federal; given power through Congress through enabling legislation; created for implementation of statut...