Summary - Pragmatics (LCX058B05)

Pragmatics-am
Week 1 ?
-
What are
pragmatics

Pragmatics - how language is used to communicate


By Stephan Levinson ->
pragmatics is about how
people use
language in real-life
situations to the words themselves




!
convey meaning beyondjust
It is not about words (semantics) but also what is speakers
just mean


intention and what is the listeners interpretation of those words in


specific context



he describes the
study as hie" -> between slow speech encoding (how we put our thoughts
I into words) and fast comprehension (now quickly listeners

this is where pragmatics comes understands)
into
play helping us communicating
,
more

then what the literal words
convey

PRAGMATICS >
-
defined by its point of
L ↓ ↓ view more than its


pragmatical oriented of context
study objects of
it is about the use


of forms investigation
what is not
explicitly said
(what we enter as meaning context =>
pragmatics

the
semantic meaning
-
>
study of meaning in language
pragmatic meaning >
- the
language and the context in which it is used

,Levinson points out 6 reasons
why it makes sense to assume there is

a lot we do not know


bottleneck Zu

The limited speed at which humans

can
produce speech ,
constrains our


ability to communicate information

rapidly.


niche the role
->
pragmatics
play in
bridging the
gap between
slow speech production and fast
comprehension >
-

convey more


meaning
G
aim >
- transmit the maximum amount

of information for the shortest
possible
time - > the
engineer
↳ overcome the bottleneck



Levinson explains 5 tricks to fix the problem




Chapter 5
-


> First trick to circumvent the bottleneck
When
-
people talk they don't just use their voices . They use
different channels" likegestures facial expressions and
, , ,

the
even
way they soly things to
get their
message across

more
effectively > more
- information quickly ,
even
though the
speech is slow

, combining what and what we do
>
-
Dual content >
- we
say

Chapter 6 >
- Second trick to circumvent the bottleneck
how also be like
saying something can
making something
>
-
,


making a
promise or giving an order . The words have both

literal and performative force.
meaning
Example :
if a teacher
say did
,
You
greatjob" it a
just giving information is not


they also make
you feel good and proud giving you high five
with words
-




>
- Choice of message form- selecting different ways to paraphrasesmth based on

Chapter 7 - Third trick to circumvent the bottleneck context -




>
- how we can make our
message
more
meaningful without
saying
more words

utterance of the special ways of saying things
type meaning >
- that
every-
-




knows what if words
one
they mean
,
even the

themselves don't
say everything
example : I ate some of the cookies" -
> most of the
people will understand that
I didn't eat all of them
, even though I didn't

directly say that



Chapter 8 >
- Fourth trick to circumvent the bottleneck
sometimes what
people do not mean
exactly they say
>
-




Implicit and non-literal language metaphors jokes
, ,
irony , figure of speech
>
-
helps people express complex ideas without the need of details .
- hidden
meaning

these tricks allow few words
us to
meaning in
helping
>
-
convey more
,

us to around the bottleneck ->
get more
tricky
>
- can help us communicate better

Chapter a -
Fifth trick to circumvent the bottleneck

shared
using shared knowledge and situational context
>
- to
convey
knowledge
meaning without explicitly stating everything more
->




effective communication

example : Wow it is cold out here" without
,
directly asking people might
understand that want the window closed

you