NURS 257 Practice Questions and Answers |
2025/2026 Update | 100% Correct
what does evidence- based practice combine?
1. evidence (published research)
2. clinician expertise
3. pt preferences & values to answer a practical, clinical question
how long can it take for evidence to be implemented into practice?
15 to 20 years
what does PICO(T) stand for?
P= patient/ population
I= intervention
C= control/ comparison
O= outcome
T= time
what are the six evidence based practice steps?
1. ask a clinical guiding question
2. search for the best evidence
3. appraise (critically) the evidence
4. integrate the evidence with ones clinical expertise
5. evaluate the outcomes of the EBP practice decision
6. disseminate findings
,describe nursing research (NR)
- goal to generate knowledge
- conducts scientific studies when evidence is lacking (systematic inquiry that uses disciplined
methods to answer questions or solve problems
- results disseminated widely in peer-reviewed publications
- individuals must give consent to participate
describe quality improvement (QI)
research is complete (works on implementation and improving care)
- apply knowledge to existing processes
improvement vs research studies
improvement: aim for improvement in care, real world observation with before/ after
comparison, accept consistent bias, sample size just enough data (small sequential samples),
hypothesis is flexible & changes as testing takes place, several sequential test, run charts, data
used only by those involved in improvement
research: aim for new knowledge, trial is blinded or controlled, designed to eliminate bias,
enough data to demonstrate statistical significance, fixed hypothesis, one large test, hypothesis
testing and statistical analysis, reattach subjects identity is protected
therapy PICO question
is this intervention more effective than another? = use randomized controlled trial (RCT)
diagnostic test PICO question
, how accurate is this diagnostic test?= use prospective, blinded controlled test compared to gold
standard test
prognosis PICO question
what is the likely outcome, progression, or survival time for this condition?= cohort study> case-
control> case series
causation/harm/etiology PICO question
what are the causes of this condition or state of affairs? = use RCT> cohort study> case-control>
case series
prevention PICO question
How to reduce the risk of this disease?
- RCT> cohort studies> case-control
cost-effectiveness PICO question
Is intervention X more cost effective than intervention Y?= use economic analysis
quality of life PICO question
what will the quality of life for the pt following this intervention?= qualitative study, validated
survey measurement of quality of life
case report/ case series
report is one pt; series is multiple puts
- rare reactions, conditions
2025/2026 Update | 100% Correct
what does evidence- based practice combine?
1. evidence (published research)
2. clinician expertise
3. pt preferences & values to answer a practical, clinical question
how long can it take for evidence to be implemented into practice?
15 to 20 years
what does PICO(T) stand for?
P= patient/ population
I= intervention
C= control/ comparison
O= outcome
T= time
what are the six evidence based practice steps?
1. ask a clinical guiding question
2. search for the best evidence
3. appraise (critically) the evidence
4. integrate the evidence with ones clinical expertise
5. evaluate the outcomes of the EBP practice decision
6. disseminate findings
,describe nursing research (NR)
- goal to generate knowledge
- conducts scientific studies when evidence is lacking (systematic inquiry that uses disciplined
methods to answer questions or solve problems
- results disseminated widely in peer-reviewed publications
- individuals must give consent to participate
describe quality improvement (QI)
research is complete (works on implementation and improving care)
- apply knowledge to existing processes
improvement vs research studies
improvement: aim for improvement in care, real world observation with before/ after
comparison, accept consistent bias, sample size just enough data (small sequential samples),
hypothesis is flexible & changes as testing takes place, several sequential test, run charts, data
used only by those involved in improvement
research: aim for new knowledge, trial is blinded or controlled, designed to eliminate bias,
enough data to demonstrate statistical significance, fixed hypothesis, one large test, hypothesis
testing and statistical analysis, reattach subjects identity is protected
therapy PICO question
is this intervention more effective than another? = use randomized controlled trial (RCT)
diagnostic test PICO question
, how accurate is this diagnostic test?= use prospective, blinded controlled test compared to gold
standard test
prognosis PICO question
what is the likely outcome, progression, or survival time for this condition?= cohort study> case-
control> case series
causation/harm/etiology PICO question
what are the causes of this condition or state of affairs? = use RCT> cohort study> case-control>
case series
prevention PICO question
How to reduce the risk of this disease?
- RCT> cohort studies> case-control
cost-effectiveness PICO question
Is intervention X more cost effective than intervention Y?= use economic analysis
quality of life PICO question
what will the quality of life for the pt following this intervention?= qualitative study, validated
survey measurement of quality of life
case report/ case series
report is one pt; series is multiple puts
- rare reactions, conditions
