ARRT Cardiovascular Interventional Exam 2026\2027 brand new
version graded a+ with complete questions and verified answers \\ pass!!
-Opiate Analgesic (Narcotic)
-Works by changing the way the brain and nervous system respond to pain
-Used to relieve moderate to severe pain
- Can be used as pre-operative sedation
-Half as potent as morphine
-Shorter duration than most opiates
-Common side effect is nausea and vomiting -answer-Meperidine (Demerol)
-Opiate Analgesic (Narcotic)
-Works in the brain to change how your body feels and responds to pain
-Used to treat moderate to severe pain (chronic)
- Also used as a sedative
-Especially helpful for heart patients because it increase venous capacitance and
reduces systemic vascular resistance
- Decreases work load of the heart muscle by reducing myocardial heart wall tension
and myocardial oxygen demand
-Benefits patient with an acute MI as well as pulmonary edema and CHF -answer-
Morphine
-Opioid Antagonist
-Binds to opioid receptors and can reverse and block the effects of other opioids
-Administered to reverse CNS and respiratory distress in the event of narcotic
oversedation
-In patients with narcotic addictions, can cause severe withdrawal symptoms
-Adverse reactions include: VF, VT, hypotension, hypertension, and pulmonary edema -
answer-Naloxone (Narcan)
-Anticoagulant
-Used to decrease the clotting ability of the blood and help prevent harmful clots from
forming in blood vessels
-Works by disrupting the formation of blood clots in your veins
-Standard anticoagulant for most PCI procedures -answer-Heparin
-Vasodilator
-Works by relaxing smooth muscle and blood vessels
-Increases the amount of blood and oxygen that reaches your heart, thus your heart
doesn't work as hard reducing chest pain
-Predominantly dilates the coronary arteries with little or no effect on the
microcirculation
-Has both direct coronary effects and peripheral hemodynamic effects
, -Administered intracoronary to prevent or treat coronary vasospasm and augment
coronary collateral flow
- Can be helpful in appropriate sizing of balloons and stents
-When using radial approach, administered intraarterial to prevent radial artery spasm
-If given sublingual or IV, can be used for periprocedural control of hypertension and for
the treatment of patients with angina or decompensated heart failure
-Lowers blood pressure -answer-Nitroglycerin
-Potent arterial and venous vasodilator
-Produces more balanced arterial and venous dilator compared to Nitroglycerin
-Works by releasing nitric oxide (NO) - a powerful vasodilator/ relaxes blood vessels
-Most important used is in the treatment of slow flow and no-reflow phenomena
complicating myocardial infarction and/or percutaneous coronary revascularization
- Can also be used as an alternative for adeonsine for the induction of hyperemia
- Occasionally used for management of severe hypertension, acute pulmonary
edema/severe decompensated heart failure, and acute mitral or aortic regurgitation -
answer-Nitroprusside
-Vasopressor
-Synthetic alpha-adrenergic receptor agonist with virtually no affinity for beta receptors
-Potent vasoconstrictor
-May be used to manage severe hypotension, but for the failing heart the undesirable
increase in afterload and oxygen consumption mitigate any benefits of beta-1
stimulation
-Used to treat hypotension in the catheterization laboratory (e.g., transient hypotension
from balloon inflation-related ischemia) through its vasoconstrictive effect on the
peripheral arterial vasculature
-Can cause bradycardia and excessive hypertension if not properly dosed -answer-
Phenylephrine
-Vasopressor
-Endogenous catecholamine released by postganglionic adrenergic nerves
-It has potent alpha-receptor activity, which leads to marked peripheral vasoconstriction
-It only has modest beta-1 activity and therefore, has less potent direct inotropic
properties
-Indicated in the treatment of cardiogenic shock with severe hypotenison
-Predominantly used in distributive/septic shock
-Adverse effects: tachyarrhythmias and precipitation of myocardial ischemia -answer-
Norepinephrine
strengthen the force of the heartbeat -answer-positive inotrope
weaken the force of the heartbeat -answer-negative inotrope
-Vasoconstrictor
-Used to treat life-threatening low blood pressure (hypotension)
-Similar to adrenaline
-Functions as a peripheral vasoconstrictor (alpha-adrenergic action)
-Functions as an inotropic stimulator of the heart and dilator of coronary arteries (beta-
adrenergic action)
-Often used during CPR -answer-Levophed
Given to treat stable narrow-complex SVT (ACLS Guidelines)
version graded a+ with complete questions and verified answers \\ pass!!
-Opiate Analgesic (Narcotic)
-Works by changing the way the brain and nervous system respond to pain
-Used to relieve moderate to severe pain
- Can be used as pre-operative sedation
-Half as potent as morphine
-Shorter duration than most opiates
-Common side effect is nausea and vomiting -answer-Meperidine (Demerol)
-Opiate Analgesic (Narcotic)
-Works in the brain to change how your body feels and responds to pain
-Used to treat moderate to severe pain (chronic)
- Also used as a sedative
-Especially helpful for heart patients because it increase venous capacitance and
reduces systemic vascular resistance
- Decreases work load of the heart muscle by reducing myocardial heart wall tension
and myocardial oxygen demand
-Benefits patient with an acute MI as well as pulmonary edema and CHF -answer-
Morphine
-Opioid Antagonist
-Binds to opioid receptors and can reverse and block the effects of other opioids
-Administered to reverse CNS and respiratory distress in the event of narcotic
oversedation
-In patients with narcotic addictions, can cause severe withdrawal symptoms
-Adverse reactions include: VF, VT, hypotension, hypertension, and pulmonary edema -
answer-Naloxone (Narcan)
-Anticoagulant
-Used to decrease the clotting ability of the blood and help prevent harmful clots from
forming in blood vessels
-Works by disrupting the formation of blood clots in your veins
-Standard anticoagulant for most PCI procedures -answer-Heparin
-Vasodilator
-Works by relaxing smooth muscle and blood vessels
-Increases the amount of blood and oxygen that reaches your heart, thus your heart
doesn't work as hard reducing chest pain
-Predominantly dilates the coronary arteries with little or no effect on the
microcirculation
-Has both direct coronary effects and peripheral hemodynamic effects
, -Administered intracoronary to prevent or treat coronary vasospasm and augment
coronary collateral flow
- Can be helpful in appropriate sizing of balloons and stents
-When using radial approach, administered intraarterial to prevent radial artery spasm
-If given sublingual or IV, can be used for periprocedural control of hypertension and for
the treatment of patients with angina or decompensated heart failure
-Lowers blood pressure -answer-Nitroglycerin
-Potent arterial and venous vasodilator
-Produces more balanced arterial and venous dilator compared to Nitroglycerin
-Works by releasing nitric oxide (NO) - a powerful vasodilator/ relaxes blood vessels
-Most important used is in the treatment of slow flow and no-reflow phenomena
complicating myocardial infarction and/or percutaneous coronary revascularization
- Can also be used as an alternative for adeonsine for the induction of hyperemia
- Occasionally used for management of severe hypertension, acute pulmonary
edema/severe decompensated heart failure, and acute mitral or aortic regurgitation -
answer-Nitroprusside
-Vasopressor
-Synthetic alpha-adrenergic receptor agonist with virtually no affinity for beta receptors
-Potent vasoconstrictor
-May be used to manage severe hypotension, but for the failing heart the undesirable
increase in afterload and oxygen consumption mitigate any benefits of beta-1
stimulation
-Used to treat hypotension in the catheterization laboratory (e.g., transient hypotension
from balloon inflation-related ischemia) through its vasoconstrictive effect on the
peripheral arterial vasculature
-Can cause bradycardia and excessive hypertension if not properly dosed -answer-
Phenylephrine
-Vasopressor
-Endogenous catecholamine released by postganglionic adrenergic nerves
-It has potent alpha-receptor activity, which leads to marked peripheral vasoconstriction
-It only has modest beta-1 activity and therefore, has less potent direct inotropic
properties
-Indicated in the treatment of cardiogenic shock with severe hypotenison
-Predominantly used in distributive/septic shock
-Adverse effects: tachyarrhythmias and precipitation of myocardial ischemia -answer-
Norepinephrine
strengthen the force of the heartbeat -answer-positive inotrope
weaken the force of the heartbeat -answer-negative inotrope
-Vasoconstrictor
-Used to treat life-threatening low blood pressure (hypotension)
-Similar to adrenaline
-Functions as a peripheral vasoconstrictor (alpha-adrenergic action)
-Functions as an inotropic stimulator of the heart and dilator of coronary arteries (beta-
adrenergic action)
-Often used during CPR -answer-Levophed
Given to treat stable narrow-complex SVT (ACLS Guidelines)
