Exam 3 Advanced Pathophysiology Practice Questions Powerpoint/Textbook
CHAPTER 21: Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation
1) Sensitivity of a target cell is down-regulated when the:
1. level of hormone that binds with the receptor is high.
2. number of receptors for the hormone is high.
3. direct effects of the hormone are detected.
4. permissive effects of the hormone are detected.
R: Target cells: Recognize/bind with high affinity to hormones; Initiate
signal; more receptors = more sensitive
-> Up-regulation: Low concentrations of hormones increase number of
receptors
-> Down-regulation: High concentrations of hormones decrease number
of receptors
2) A nurse knows that ADH is:
1. released by the anterior pituitary.
2. released in response to decreased sodium (Na+).
3. regulated by the osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus.
4. regulated by the chromophils of the anterior pituitary.
R: ADH, also known as vasopressin, is produced by neurosecretory cells in
the hypothalamus; transported to the posterior pituitary gland for storage
and release; The release of ADH is primarily regulated
by osmoreceptors located in the hypothalamus, which detect changes in
blood osmotic pressure; When blood osmolarity (concentration) increases
(e.g., due to dehydration or high sodium levels), these receptors signal
for increased ADH release, leading to water retention by the kidneys and
dilution of the blood
3) A nurse recalls that calcitonin:
1. increases serum sodium concentration.
2. activates osteoclasts.
3. suppresses osteoblasts.
4. reduces serum calcium concentration.
R: Calcitonin produced by thyroid gland acts to lower blood calcium levels.
primary mechanism inhibits the activity of osteoclasts, the cells
responsible for bone breakdown, which in turn reduces the amount of
calcium released from the bones into the bloodstream. ANTAGONIST TO
PARATHYROID HORMONE
, 4) Which information is most correct about insulin?
1. Insulin promotes glycogenolysis.
2. Insulin is required by the brain for glucose uptake.
3. Insulin facilitates the uptake of glucose by cells.
4. Insulin release is stimulated by a decreased concentrations of glucose.
5)Glucocorticoids act to
1. reduce serum glucose concentrations.
2. stimulate immune response to microorganisms.
3. reduce angiotensin II.
4. stimulate protein catabolism.
R: Glucocorticoids (such as cortisol) are hormones that play a crucial role
in metabolism and the stress response: increase blood sugar levels by
promoting gluconeogenesis (production of glucose in the liver) & As part
of this metabolic effect, they promote the breakdown of proteins into amino
acids, a process called protein catabolism. These amino acids can then be
used by the liver as substrates for gluconeogenesis;
Glucocorticoids: immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects;
Angiotensin II is part of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which
regulates blood pressure.
Review Questions - Chapter 21
1. Which statement is true regarding the thyroid hormone
and the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?
A. Decreased anterior pituitary release of TSH stimulates its
secretion.
B. TSH is secreted in excess when stimulated by thyroxine
(T4).
C. TSH secretion is regulated by thyrotropin-releasing
hormone. Correct
D. TSH secretion is controlled by positive feedback.
TSH secretion is regulated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH),
primarily in the hypothalamus and by negative feedback inhibition from
thyroid hormones. Increased anterior pituitary release of TSH stimulates
the secretion of thyroid hormones. TSH is inhibited by thyroxin (T 4).
CHAPTER 21: Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation
1) Sensitivity of a target cell is down-regulated when the:
1. level of hormone that binds with the receptor is high.
2. number of receptors for the hormone is high.
3. direct effects of the hormone are detected.
4. permissive effects of the hormone are detected.
R: Target cells: Recognize/bind with high affinity to hormones; Initiate
signal; more receptors = more sensitive
-> Up-regulation: Low concentrations of hormones increase number of
receptors
-> Down-regulation: High concentrations of hormones decrease number
of receptors
2) A nurse knows that ADH is:
1. released by the anterior pituitary.
2. released in response to decreased sodium (Na+).
3. regulated by the osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus.
4. regulated by the chromophils of the anterior pituitary.
R: ADH, also known as vasopressin, is produced by neurosecretory cells in
the hypothalamus; transported to the posterior pituitary gland for storage
and release; The release of ADH is primarily regulated
by osmoreceptors located in the hypothalamus, which detect changes in
blood osmotic pressure; When blood osmolarity (concentration) increases
(e.g., due to dehydration or high sodium levels), these receptors signal
for increased ADH release, leading to water retention by the kidneys and
dilution of the blood
3) A nurse recalls that calcitonin:
1. increases serum sodium concentration.
2. activates osteoclasts.
3. suppresses osteoblasts.
4. reduces serum calcium concentration.
R: Calcitonin produced by thyroid gland acts to lower blood calcium levels.
primary mechanism inhibits the activity of osteoclasts, the cells
responsible for bone breakdown, which in turn reduces the amount of
calcium released from the bones into the bloodstream. ANTAGONIST TO
PARATHYROID HORMONE
, 4) Which information is most correct about insulin?
1. Insulin promotes glycogenolysis.
2. Insulin is required by the brain for glucose uptake.
3. Insulin facilitates the uptake of glucose by cells.
4. Insulin release is stimulated by a decreased concentrations of glucose.
5)Glucocorticoids act to
1. reduce serum glucose concentrations.
2. stimulate immune response to microorganisms.
3. reduce angiotensin II.
4. stimulate protein catabolism.
R: Glucocorticoids (such as cortisol) are hormones that play a crucial role
in metabolism and the stress response: increase blood sugar levels by
promoting gluconeogenesis (production of glucose in the liver) & As part
of this metabolic effect, they promote the breakdown of proteins into amino
acids, a process called protein catabolism. These amino acids can then be
used by the liver as substrates for gluconeogenesis;
Glucocorticoids: immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects;
Angiotensin II is part of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which
regulates blood pressure.
Review Questions - Chapter 21
1. Which statement is true regarding the thyroid hormone
and the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?
A. Decreased anterior pituitary release of TSH stimulates its
secretion.
B. TSH is secreted in excess when stimulated by thyroxine
(T4).
C. TSH secretion is regulated by thyrotropin-releasing
hormone. Correct
D. TSH secretion is controlled by positive feedback.
TSH secretion is regulated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH),
primarily in the hypothalamus and by negative feedback inhibition from
thyroid hormones. Increased anterior pituitary release of TSH stimulates
the secretion of thyroid hormones. TSH is inhibited by thyroxin (T 4).
