ATDH Biology Exam Questions and
Verified Answers
Cell membrane - ANSWER Hold cellular components and are mainly composed of
phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins
Organelles - ANSWER Cellular compartments enclosed by phospholipids bilateral (membrane
bound)
Are located within the cytosol (aqueous intracellular fluid) and help make up the cytoplasm
Only eukaryotes contain membrane-bound organelles
Nucleoid - ANSWER Where prokaryotes keep their genetic material
Nucleus - ANSWER Primarily functions to protect and house DNA
DNA replication and translation occurs here
Nucleoplasm - ANSWER Cytoplasm of the nucleus
Nuclear envelope - ANSWER Membrane of the nucleus
Contains two phospholipid bilayers with a perinuclear space in the middle
Nuclear pores - ANSWER Holes in the nuclear envelope that allow molecules to travel in and out
of the nucleus
Nuclear lamina - ANSWER Provides structural support to the nucleus, as well as regulating DNA
and cell division
,Nucleolus - ANSWER Dense area that is responsible for making rRNA and producing ribosomal
subunits
Ribosomes - ANSWER Work as small factories that carry out translation
Composed of ribosomal subunits
Rough er - ANSWER Continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope and is
"rough" because it has ribosomes embedded in it
Lumen - ANSWER Inside of the rough er
Smooth er - ANSWER Not continuous with other membranes
Main function is to synthesize lipids, produce steroid hormones, and detoxify cells
Golgi apparatus - ANSWER Made up of cisternae (flattened sacs) that modify and package
substances
Lysosomes - ANSWER Membrane-bound organelles that break down substances (through
hydrolysis) taken in through endocytosis
Transport vacuoles - ANSWER transport materials between organelles
Food vacuoles - ANSWER temporarily hold endocytosed food and later fuse with lysosomes
Central vaacuoles - ANSWER Very large in plants and have specialized membrane called the
tonoplast
, Function in storage and material breakdown
Storage vacuoles - ANSWER store starches, pigments, and toxic substances
Contractile vacuoles - ANSWER Found in single-called organisms and works to actively pump out
excess water
Endomembrane system - ANSWER Group of organelles and membranes that work together to
modify, package, and transport proteins and lipids that are entering or exiting a cell
Includes the nucleus, rough and smooth ERs, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and cell
membrane
Peroxisomes - ANSWER Perform hydrolysis, break down stored fatty acids, and help with
detoxification
Mitochondria - ANSWER Powerhouse of the cell
Produces ATP for energy use through cellular respiration
Chloroplasts - ANSWER Found in plants and some protists
Carry out photosynthesis
Centrosomes - ANSWER Organelles found in animal cells containing a pair of centrioles
Cytoskeleton - ANSWER Provides structure and function within the cytoplasm
Microfilaments - ANSWER Smallest structure of the cytoskeleton, and are composed of a double
helix made of two actin filaments
Verified Answers
Cell membrane - ANSWER Hold cellular components and are mainly composed of
phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins
Organelles - ANSWER Cellular compartments enclosed by phospholipids bilateral (membrane
bound)
Are located within the cytosol (aqueous intracellular fluid) and help make up the cytoplasm
Only eukaryotes contain membrane-bound organelles
Nucleoid - ANSWER Where prokaryotes keep their genetic material
Nucleus - ANSWER Primarily functions to protect and house DNA
DNA replication and translation occurs here
Nucleoplasm - ANSWER Cytoplasm of the nucleus
Nuclear envelope - ANSWER Membrane of the nucleus
Contains two phospholipid bilayers with a perinuclear space in the middle
Nuclear pores - ANSWER Holes in the nuclear envelope that allow molecules to travel in and out
of the nucleus
Nuclear lamina - ANSWER Provides structural support to the nucleus, as well as regulating DNA
and cell division
,Nucleolus - ANSWER Dense area that is responsible for making rRNA and producing ribosomal
subunits
Ribosomes - ANSWER Work as small factories that carry out translation
Composed of ribosomal subunits
Rough er - ANSWER Continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope and is
"rough" because it has ribosomes embedded in it
Lumen - ANSWER Inside of the rough er
Smooth er - ANSWER Not continuous with other membranes
Main function is to synthesize lipids, produce steroid hormones, and detoxify cells
Golgi apparatus - ANSWER Made up of cisternae (flattened sacs) that modify and package
substances
Lysosomes - ANSWER Membrane-bound organelles that break down substances (through
hydrolysis) taken in through endocytosis
Transport vacuoles - ANSWER transport materials between organelles
Food vacuoles - ANSWER temporarily hold endocytosed food and later fuse with lysosomes
Central vaacuoles - ANSWER Very large in plants and have specialized membrane called the
tonoplast
, Function in storage and material breakdown
Storage vacuoles - ANSWER store starches, pigments, and toxic substances
Contractile vacuoles - ANSWER Found in single-called organisms and works to actively pump out
excess water
Endomembrane system - ANSWER Group of organelles and membranes that work together to
modify, package, and transport proteins and lipids that are entering or exiting a cell
Includes the nucleus, rough and smooth ERs, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and cell
membrane
Peroxisomes - ANSWER Perform hydrolysis, break down stored fatty acids, and help with
detoxification
Mitochondria - ANSWER Powerhouse of the cell
Produces ATP for energy use through cellular respiration
Chloroplasts - ANSWER Found in plants and some protists
Carry out photosynthesis
Centrosomes - ANSWER Organelles found in animal cells containing a pair of centrioles
Cytoskeleton - ANSWER Provides structure and function within the cytoplasm
Microfilaments - ANSWER Smallest structure of the cytoskeleton, and are composed of a double
helix made of two actin filaments
