NR507/NR 507 MIDTERM EXAM: NR 507
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (LATEST
2026–2027 UPDATE) WITH
CORRECT/ACCURATE ANSWERS
AT CHAMBERLAIN COLLEGE OF NURSING
Advanced Pathophysiology
Questions 1–150
,1. A common event during cellular reproduction that results in the constant occurrence of
isolated cancer cells is known as:
A. Cellular differentiation
B. Apoptosis
C. Cell transformation
D. Cellular senescence
Correct Answer: C. Cell transformation
Rationale: Cell transformation refers to genetic and epigenetic changes that cause normal cells to become
malignant. These transformed cells lose normal growth regulation, leading to uncontrolled proliferation and
cancer formation.
2. An immature, undifferentiated cell capable of infinite cellular division when stimulated
is called a:
A. Somatic cell
B. Germ cell
C. Stem cell
D. Progenitor cell
Correct Answer: C. Stem cell
Rationale: Stem cells possess the ability to self-renew indefinitely and differentiate into specialized cell
types. This capability is essential for tissue repair and regeneration but can also contribute to malignancy if
dysregulated.
3. The process whereby a stem cell undergoes an average 24-hour cycle of division is
referred to as the:
A. Apoptotic pathway
B. Mitotic phase
C. Cell cycle
D. Differentiation phase
Correct Answer: C. Cell cycle
Rationale: The cell cycle includes interphase and mitosis and governs cellular replication. Dysregulation of
the cell cycle can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and cancer.
4. Anaphylaxis is classified as which type of hypersensitivity reaction?
A. Type I
B. Type II
,C. Type III
D. Type IV
Correct Answer: A. Type I
Rationale: Type I hypersensitivity reactions are IgE-mediated and occur rapidly after exposure to an
allergen. They result in mast cell degranulation, leading to vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, and potentially
life-threatening anaphylaxis.
5. Type II (cytotoxic) hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by which immunoglobulins?
A. IgA and IgE
B. IgE only
C. IgG and IgM
D. IgD and IgA
Correct Answer: C. IgG and IgM
Rationale: Type II hypersensitivity reactions involve IgG or IgM antibodies directed against cell surface
antigens. This leads to complement activation and destruction of the target cell.
6. Damage occurs with ABO blood incompatibility because:
A. T-cells attack donor red blood cells
B. Immune complexes deposit in tissues
C. Complement damages red blood cell membranes causing lysis
D. Platelets aggregate and form clots
Correct Answer: C. Complement damages red blood cell membranes causing lysis
Rationale: ABO incompatibility activates complement, resulting in hemolysis of donor red blood cells. This
can lead to acute hemolytic transfusion reactions.
7. A patient presents with sudden lip and eye swelling, shortness of breath, and throat
tightness after a bee sting. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Angioedema
B. Acute asthma exacerbation
C. Anaphylaxis
D. Serum sickness
Correct Answer: C. Anaphylaxis
Rationale: Anaphylaxis is a severe, systemic Type I hypersensitivity reaction. Symptoms include airway
compromise, hypotension, and mucosal swelling, requiring immediate intervention.
, 8. Which of the following is an example of a primary immunodeficiency disorder?
A. HIV infection
B. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
C. Chronic granulomatous disease
D. Malnutrition
Correct Answer: C. Chronic granulomatous disease
Rationale: Primary immunodeficiencies are congenital and result from genetic defects. Chronic
granulomatous disease impairs phagocyte function, increasing susceptibility to infections.
9. The predominant cause of secondary immunodeficiency worldwide is:
A. Cancer
B. HIV
C. Malnutrition
D. Aging
Correct Answer: C. Malnutrition
Rationale: Malnutrition impairs immune cell production and function. It remains the most common cause of
secondary immunodeficiency globally, particularly in developing regions.
10. Which of the following conditions is classified as an autoimmune disease?
A. Chronic granulomatous disease
B. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
C. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
D. Anaphylaxis
Correct Answer: C. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Rationale: Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system attacks self-tissues. SLE involves
autoantibody formation against nuclear components, causing multisystem inflammation.
11. Which of the following is an example of a secondary immunodeficiency?
A. Severe combined immunodeficiency
B. Chronic granulomatous disease
C. Pneumocystis carinii infection
D. Bruton agammaglobulinemia
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (LATEST
2026–2027 UPDATE) WITH
CORRECT/ACCURATE ANSWERS
AT CHAMBERLAIN COLLEGE OF NURSING
Advanced Pathophysiology
Questions 1–150
,1. A common event during cellular reproduction that results in the constant occurrence of
isolated cancer cells is known as:
A. Cellular differentiation
B. Apoptosis
C. Cell transformation
D. Cellular senescence
Correct Answer: C. Cell transformation
Rationale: Cell transformation refers to genetic and epigenetic changes that cause normal cells to become
malignant. These transformed cells lose normal growth regulation, leading to uncontrolled proliferation and
cancer formation.
2. An immature, undifferentiated cell capable of infinite cellular division when stimulated
is called a:
A. Somatic cell
B. Germ cell
C. Stem cell
D. Progenitor cell
Correct Answer: C. Stem cell
Rationale: Stem cells possess the ability to self-renew indefinitely and differentiate into specialized cell
types. This capability is essential for tissue repair and regeneration but can also contribute to malignancy if
dysregulated.
3. The process whereby a stem cell undergoes an average 24-hour cycle of division is
referred to as the:
A. Apoptotic pathway
B. Mitotic phase
C. Cell cycle
D. Differentiation phase
Correct Answer: C. Cell cycle
Rationale: The cell cycle includes interphase and mitosis and governs cellular replication. Dysregulation of
the cell cycle can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and cancer.
4. Anaphylaxis is classified as which type of hypersensitivity reaction?
A. Type I
B. Type II
,C. Type III
D. Type IV
Correct Answer: A. Type I
Rationale: Type I hypersensitivity reactions are IgE-mediated and occur rapidly after exposure to an
allergen. They result in mast cell degranulation, leading to vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, and potentially
life-threatening anaphylaxis.
5. Type II (cytotoxic) hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by which immunoglobulins?
A. IgA and IgE
B. IgE only
C. IgG and IgM
D. IgD and IgA
Correct Answer: C. IgG and IgM
Rationale: Type II hypersensitivity reactions involve IgG or IgM antibodies directed against cell surface
antigens. This leads to complement activation and destruction of the target cell.
6. Damage occurs with ABO blood incompatibility because:
A. T-cells attack donor red blood cells
B. Immune complexes deposit in tissues
C. Complement damages red blood cell membranes causing lysis
D. Platelets aggregate and form clots
Correct Answer: C. Complement damages red blood cell membranes causing lysis
Rationale: ABO incompatibility activates complement, resulting in hemolysis of donor red blood cells. This
can lead to acute hemolytic transfusion reactions.
7. A patient presents with sudden lip and eye swelling, shortness of breath, and throat
tightness after a bee sting. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Angioedema
B. Acute asthma exacerbation
C. Anaphylaxis
D. Serum sickness
Correct Answer: C. Anaphylaxis
Rationale: Anaphylaxis is a severe, systemic Type I hypersensitivity reaction. Symptoms include airway
compromise, hypotension, and mucosal swelling, requiring immediate intervention.
, 8. Which of the following is an example of a primary immunodeficiency disorder?
A. HIV infection
B. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
C. Chronic granulomatous disease
D. Malnutrition
Correct Answer: C. Chronic granulomatous disease
Rationale: Primary immunodeficiencies are congenital and result from genetic defects. Chronic
granulomatous disease impairs phagocyte function, increasing susceptibility to infections.
9. The predominant cause of secondary immunodeficiency worldwide is:
A. Cancer
B. HIV
C. Malnutrition
D. Aging
Correct Answer: C. Malnutrition
Rationale: Malnutrition impairs immune cell production and function. It remains the most common cause of
secondary immunodeficiency globally, particularly in developing regions.
10. Which of the following conditions is classified as an autoimmune disease?
A. Chronic granulomatous disease
B. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
C. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
D. Anaphylaxis
Correct Answer: C. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Rationale: Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system attacks self-tissues. SLE involves
autoantibody formation against nuclear components, causing multisystem inflammation.
11. Which of the following is an example of a secondary immunodeficiency?
A. Severe combined immunodeficiency
B. Chronic granulomatous disease
C. Pneumocystis carinii infection
D. Bruton agammaglobulinemia
