MIDTERM EXAM NR 507: NR 507
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, (LATEST
2026–2027 UPDATE) WITH
CORRECT/ACCURATE ANSWERS
AT CHAMBERLAIN COLLEGE OF NURSING
(Latest 2026–2027 Update)
PART 1: Questions 1–25
,1. A common event during cellular reproduction resulting in the constant occurrence of
isolated cancer cells is known as:
A. Apoptosis
B. Cell differentiation
C. Cell transformation
D. Cellular senescence
Correct Answer: C. Cell transformation
Rationale: Cell transformation refers to genetic alterations that allow cells to proliferate uncontrollably,
evade apoptosis, and acquire malignant properties. This process underlies the formation of isolated cancer
cells during abnormal cellular reproduction.
2. An immature, undifferentiated (generic) cell capable of infinite cellular division when
stimulated is called a:
A. Somatic cell
B. Progenitor cell
C. Stem cell
D. Neoplastic cell
Correct Answer: C. Stem cell
Rationale: Stem cells have the unique capacity for self-renewal and differentiation into specialized cell
types. Their ability to divide indefinitely makes them essential for tissue repair and development.
3. The process whereby a stem cell undergoes division, averaging a 24-hour cycle, is called
the:
A. Mitosis phase
B. Apoptotic pathway
C. Cell cycle
D. Differentiation phase
Correct Answer: C. Cell cycle
Rationale: The cell cycle includes phases of growth, DNA synthesis, and mitosis, allowing cells to divide
and replicate in a controlled manner. Dysregulation of this cycle contributes to cancer.
4. Anaphylaxis is classified as which type of hypersensitivity reaction?
A. Type I
B. Type II
,C. Type III
D. Type IV
Correct Answer: A. Type I
Rationale: Type I hypersensitivity reactions are IgE-mediated and occur rapidly after exposure to an
allergen, leading to mast cell degranulation and systemic symptoms such as hypotension and airway
compromise.
5. Type II (cytotoxic) hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by which immunoglobulins?
A. IgA and IgE
B. IgG or IgM
C. IgE only
D. IgD
Correct Answer: B. IgG or IgM
Rationale: Type II hypersensitivity involves IgG or IgM antibodies binding to antigens on cell surfaces,
activating complement and leading to cell destruction.
6. Damage occurs with ABO incompatibility because:
A. T-cells destroy red blood cells
B. Antibodies block oxygen transport
C. Complement damages RBC membranes causing cell lysis
D. Platelet aggregation occurs
Correct Answer: C. Complement damages RBC membranes causing cell lysis
Rationale: In ABO incompatibility, preformed antibodies activate complement, leading to hemolysis of
transfused red blood cells and potentially life-threatening reactions.
7. A patient presents with sudden swollen lips and eyes, throat tightness, and shortness of
breath after a bee sting. The most likely diagnosis is:
A. Angioedema
B. Asthma exacerbation
C. Anaphylaxis
D. Serum sickness
Correct Answer: C. Anaphylaxis
Rationale: Anaphylaxis is an acute, systemic Type I hypersensitivity reaction characterized by airway
edema, bronchospasm, and cardiovascular compromise.
, 8. Which of the following is an example of a primary immunodeficiency?
A. HIV infection
B. Chemotherapy-induced neutropenia
C. Chronic Granulomatous Disease
D. Malnutrition
Correct Answer: C. Chronic Granulomatous Disease
Rationale: Primary immunodeficiencies are congenital and result from genetic defects affecting immune
system development or function.
9. The predominant cause of secondary immune deficiencies worldwide is:
A. Aging
B. Chemotherapy
C. Malnutrition
D. Autoimmune disease
Correct Answer: C. Malnutrition
Rationale: Malnutrition impairs immune cell production and function, making it the leading global cause of
secondary immunodeficiency.
10. Which of the following is classified as an autoimmune disease?
A. Rheumatic fever
B. Chronic Granulomatous Disease
C. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
D. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
Correct Answer: C. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
Rationale: SLE is characterized by autoantibody production against nuclear components, leading to
systemic inflammation and organ damage.
11. An example of a secondary immunodeficiency is:
A. Severe combined immunodeficiency
B. Chronic Granulomatous Disease
C. Pneumocystis carinii infection
D. DiGeorge syndrome
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, (LATEST
2026–2027 UPDATE) WITH
CORRECT/ACCURATE ANSWERS
AT CHAMBERLAIN COLLEGE OF NURSING
(Latest 2026–2027 Update)
PART 1: Questions 1–25
,1. A common event during cellular reproduction resulting in the constant occurrence of
isolated cancer cells is known as:
A. Apoptosis
B. Cell differentiation
C. Cell transformation
D. Cellular senescence
Correct Answer: C. Cell transformation
Rationale: Cell transformation refers to genetic alterations that allow cells to proliferate uncontrollably,
evade apoptosis, and acquire malignant properties. This process underlies the formation of isolated cancer
cells during abnormal cellular reproduction.
2. An immature, undifferentiated (generic) cell capable of infinite cellular division when
stimulated is called a:
A. Somatic cell
B. Progenitor cell
C. Stem cell
D. Neoplastic cell
Correct Answer: C. Stem cell
Rationale: Stem cells have the unique capacity for self-renewal and differentiation into specialized cell
types. Their ability to divide indefinitely makes them essential for tissue repair and development.
3. The process whereby a stem cell undergoes division, averaging a 24-hour cycle, is called
the:
A. Mitosis phase
B. Apoptotic pathway
C. Cell cycle
D. Differentiation phase
Correct Answer: C. Cell cycle
Rationale: The cell cycle includes phases of growth, DNA synthesis, and mitosis, allowing cells to divide
and replicate in a controlled manner. Dysregulation of this cycle contributes to cancer.
4. Anaphylaxis is classified as which type of hypersensitivity reaction?
A. Type I
B. Type II
,C. Type III
D. Type IV
Correct Answer: A. Type I
Rationale: Type I hypersensitivity reactions are IgE-mediated and occur rapidly after exposure to an
allergen, leading to mast cell degranulation and systemic symptoms such as hypotension and airway
compromise.
5. Type II (cytotoxic) hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by which immunoglobulins?
A. IgA and IgE
B. IgG or IgM
C. IgE only
D. IgD
Correct Answer: B. IgG or IgM
Rationale: Type II hypersensitivity involves IgG or IgM antibodies binding to antigens on cell surfaces,
activating complement and leading to cell destruction.
6. Damage occurs with ABO incompatibility because:
A. T-cells destroy red blood cells
B. Antibodies block oxygen transport
C. Complement damages RBC membranes causing cell lysis
D. Platelet aggregation occurs
Correct Answer: C. Complement damages RBC membranes causing cell lysis
Rationale: In ABO incompatibility, preformed antibodies activate complement, leading to hemolysis of
transfused red blood cells and potentially life-threatening reactions.
7. A patient presents with sudden swollen lips and eyes, throat tightness, and shortness of
breath after a bee sting. The most likely diagnosis is:
A. Angioedema
B. Asthma exacerbation
C. Anaphylaxis
D. Serum sickness
Correct Answer: C. Anaphylaxis
Rationale: Anaphylaxis is an acute, systemic Type I hypersensitivity reaction characterized by airway
edema, bronchospasm, and cardiovascular compromise.
, 8. Which of the following is an example of a primary immunodeficiency?
A. HIV infection
B. Chemotherapy-induced neutropenia
C. Chronic Granulomatous Disease
D. Malnutrition
Correct Answer: C. Chronic Granulomatous Disease
Rationale: Primary immunodeficiencies are congenital and result from genetic defects affecting immune
system development or function.
9. The predominant cause of secondary immune deficiencies worldwide is:
A. Aging
B. Chemotherapy
C. Malnutrition
D. Autoimmune disease
Correct Answer: C. Malnutrition
Rationale: Malnutrition impairs immune cell production and function, making it the leading global cause of
secondary immunodeficiency.
10. Which of the following is classified as an autoimmune disease?
A. Rheumatic fever
B. Chronic Granulomatous Disease
C. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
D. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
Correct Answer: C. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
Rationale: SLE is characterized by autoantibody production against nuclear components, leading to
systemic inflammation and organ damage.
11. An example of a secondary immunodeficiency is:
A. Severe combined immunodeficiency
B. Chronic Granulomatous Disease
C. Pneumocystis carinii infection
D. DiGeorge syndrome
