Nursing Fundamentals: Pharmacology
Questions And Verified Answers/100%
Correct/Grade A+
Pharmacology - ANSWER-The study of drugs and their interactions with living systems or the science of
drug affects
Pharmacotherapeutics - ANSWER-The desired or therapeutic effect of the drug, the indication for giving
a drug
Pharmacokinetics - ANSWER-The study of the changes that occur to the drug while it is inside of the
body. Four phases, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
Pharmacodynamics - ANSWER-Effects of the drug on the body
How are drugs classified - ANSWER-According to shared characteristics. Chemical ingredients,
physiological effects on the body, therapeutic medications desired effect or use in therapy
Enteral - ANSWER-The G.I. tract is used for ingestion and absorption of drugs(oral,NG,G tube)
Parenteral - ANSWER-Circumvents the G.I. tract, injections, intravenous
Topical - ANSWER-Also bypasses the G.I. tract, includes skin or mucous membranes, installations,
irrigations, inhalations
What is the first pass effect - ANSWER-Portion of the med is diverted to liver before it hits the
bloodstream metabolism more significant with first dose
Advantages of oral route - ANSWER-Most common, safest, least expensive, subject to the first pass
effect, multiple preparations.
, parenteral route - ANSWER-Bypasses the G.I. track and avoids the first pass effect, fast absorption rapid
onset, breaks skin barrier involves sterile technique, patient anxiety, expensive
Advantages of topical route - ANSWER-Applied to circumscribed area of body, multiple preparations,
local or systemic effects, local irritation, always wear gloves when administering, safe disposal of
patches
What factors affect absorption of a drug - ANSWER-Route of administration, solubility of the drug, PH
and Ionization, blood flow to the site of the drug administration
What factors affect distribution of a drug - ANSWER-Protein binding capabilities of a drug can alter the
drugs distribution, blood flow to the target tissues, drugs ability to enter the target tissue through the
capillary membrane
What factors affect metabolism of a drug - ANSWER-Drug is converted to a less active form which can be
excreted from the body
Metabolism occurs primarily in the liver by cytochrome p-450 enzymes
Factors that effect metabolism:
Liver dysfunction, immature systems (neonates, children) may slow metabolism and pt at increased risk
for adverse drug effects
Cytochrome P-450 system - ANSWER--family of enzymes within liver responsible drug metabolism
-ethnic variations
-drugs and other substances may be either enzyme inducers or inhibitors
-drugs affecting p450 are responsible for many drug interactions
First pass effect - ANSWER-Rapid hepatic inactivation of some oral drugs on their first pass through the
liver before they reach the systemic circulation.
Questions And Verified Answers/100%
Correct/Grade A+
Pharmacology - ANSWER-The study of drugs and their interactions with living systems or the science of
drug affects
Pharmacotherapeutics - ANSWER-The desired or therapeutic effect of the drug, the indication for giving
a drug
Pharmacokinetics - ANSWER-The study of the changes that occur to the drug while it is inside of the
body. Four phases, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
Pharmacodynamics - ANSWER-Effects of the drug on the body
How are drugs classified - ANSWER-According to shared characteristics. Chemical ingredients,
physiological effects on the body, therapeutic medications desired effect or use in therapy
Enteral - ANSWER-The G.I. tract is used for ingestion and absorption of drugs(oral,NG,G tube)
Parenteral - ANSWER-Circumvents the G.I. tract, injections, intravenous
Topical - ANSWER-Also bypasses the G.I. tract, includes skin or mucous membranes, installations,
irrigations, inhalations
What is the first pass effect - ANSWER-Portion of the med is diverted to liver before it hits the
bloodstream metabolism more significant with first dose
Advantages of oral route - ANSWER-Most common, safest, least expensive, subject to the first pass
effect, multiple preparations.
, parenteral route - ANSWER-Bypasses the G.I. track and avoids the first pass effect, fast absorption rapid
onset, breaks skin barrier involves sterile technique, patient anxiety, expensive
Advantages of topical route - ANSWER-Applied to circumscribed area of body, multiple preparations,
local or systemic effects, local irritation, always wear gloves when administering, safe disposal of
patches
What factors affect absorption of a drug - ANSWER-Route of administration, solubility of the drug, PH
and Ionization, blood flow to the site of the drug administration
What factors affect distribution of a drug - ANSWER-Protein binding capabilities of a drug can alter the
drugs distribution, blood flow to the target tissues, drugs ability to enter the target tissue through the
capillary membrane
What factors affect metabolism of a drug - ANSWER-Drug is converted to a less active form which can be
excreted from the body
Metabolism occurs primarily in the liver by cytochrome p-450 enzymes
Factors that effect metabolism:
Liver dysfunction, immature systems (neonates, children) may slow metabolism and pt at increased risk
for adverse drug effects
Cytochrome P-450 system - ANSWER--family of enzymes within liver responsible drug metabolism
-ethnic variations
-drugs and other substances may be either enzyme inducers or inhibitors
-drugs affecting p450 are responsible for many drug interactions
First pass effect - ANSWER-Rapid hepatic inactivation of some oral drugs on their first pass through the
liver before they reach the systemic circulation.
