Multicultural Issues Test 1 Written Exam Questions With Well Elaborated Answers.

Multicultural Psychology - correct answers The systematic study of behavior, cognition, and affect in many cultures. Culture - correct answers The values, beliefs, and practices of a group of people, shared through symbols, and passed down from generation to generation. Diversity - correct answers Acknowledgement of individual human differences that go beyond race, ethnicity, and nationality, such as age, gender, sexual orientation, religion, socioeconomic status, and physical ability. Worldview - correct answers A psychological perception of the environment that determines how we think, behave, and feel. Biological Concept of Race - correct answers The perspective that a race is a group of people who share a specific combination of physical, genetically inherited characteristics that distinguish them from other groups. Sociocultural Concept of Race - correct answers The perspective that characteristics, culture, values, and behaviors that have been associated with groups of people who share different physical characteristics serve the social purpose of providing a way for outsiders to view another group and for members of a group to perceive themselves. Ethnicity - correct answers a combination of race and culture Intersectionality - correct answers The meaningful ways in which various social statuses interact (e.g., race, gender, social class) and result in differing experiences with oppression and privilege. Multiculturalism as the Fourth Force - correct answers The idea that multicultural psychology is so important that it will fundamentally change the direction of the field of psychology, as psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and humanism did. Paradigm Shift - correct answers A major change in the way people think about a field. Biopsychosocial Model - correct answers A model of human behavior that takes into consideration biological, cognitive-affective, social-interpersonal, social institutional, and cultural factors. Negative Cognitive Triad - correct answers Beck's label for the negative view depressed individuals tend to have of themselves, the world, and the future. Critical Consciousness - correct answers Such people stop looking at problem as mostly individual accidents but see them more as structural problems. Critical consciousness involves making connections with the socio-economic contradictions in society. It means looking at reality and recognizing such contradictions as a fact. Justice - correct answers Fixing the system to offer equal access to both tools and opportunities Structuralism - correct answers The first approach to psychology that attempted to examine the contents of people's minds. Structural introspection - correct answers The method that structuralists used to examine the contents of people's minds. Ethnical Psychology - correct answers The study of the minds of "other races and peoples." Eugenics - correct answers A movement that maintains that only "good genes" should be passed from generation to generation and that "undesirable" groups should be dissuaded from reproducing. Etic Perspective - correct answers An attempt to build theories of human behavior by examining commonalities across many cultures. Emic Perspective - correct answers An attempt to derive meaningful concepts within one culture. Imposed Etics - correct answers The imposition of one culture's worldview on another culture, assuming that one's own worldviews are universal. Delay of Gratification - correct answers The ability to wait for a more desirable reward instead of taking a less desirable reward immediately. Individualism - correct answers A social pattern in which individuals tend to be motivated by their own preferences, needs, and rights when they come into conflict with the preferences, needs, and rights of a group or collective in which the individual is a member. Collectivism - correct answers A social pattern in which individuals tend to be motivated by the group's or collective's preferences, needs, and right when they come into conflict with the preferences, needs, and rights of the individual. The General Research Model - correct answers Control Group <-- Pool of Participants --> Experimental Group. Each individual has an equal chance to be in the control or the experimental group. The control group either does not receive any treatment or receives a typical treatment. The experimental group is given a regimen designed to make some significant difference. This difference is determined by comparing the results from the experimental group with the results from the control group. The European American Standard: - correct answers The dominant research paradigm in American psychology is to see European American as the standard against which all others are measured. Thus, if people of color are measured as different form the European American standard, that difference is seen as deviant or deficient. The diverse groups that come closer to the European American standard are considered higher in the hierarchy of groups and more acceptable to the majority, whereas the groups that are farther from the norm are deemed less acceptable. In contrast, diverse implies that there are multiple perspectives or norms, with none being necessarily better or more desirable. Internal Validity - correct answers Refers to causal inference. Internal validity suggests that our changes make a difference. The extent to which you are sure that one variable, is responsible for the changes in the dependent variable. How sure are you that there are no other explanations, or confounds, in your study? Importance of random assignment Equity - correct answers Custom tools that identify and address inequality External Validity - correct answers Refers to the generalizability of the results we obtain. T or F: Internal validity and external validity are often at odds with one another. Psychology favors internal validity over external validity. - correct answers True Linguistic Equivalence - correct answers Translation of a term that carries with it similar meaning from one language to another. Some languages have multiple words for something, like chicken Back Translation - correct answers A procedure whereby the measure is translated into the target language and then translated back to the original language. If the back translation is the same or nearly the same as the original, then the translation is acceptable for study. Culture Contact - correct answers Critical incidents where people from different cultural, ethnic, or linguistic backgrounds come into social contact with each other. Contacts that occur between members of a culturally diverse society. Contacts that occur when people from one society visit another country. Latinx - correct answers" Contact culture" - engage in more physical touch during interactions and express more interpersonal warmth. Cultural form of communication that involves the use of proverbs, sayings and metaphors American Indians - correct answers Silence is an important aspect of communication. Time is an important topic. Engage in less eye-contact because it's considered disrespectful to elders code switching - correct answers The way you dress, talk, and present yourself in certain situations. Metric Equivalence - correct answers Refers to numerical scores between cultures. Some culture may be risk-averse and not select the extremes of possible answers. (Ex: in a culture that tends to be risk-averse, research participants presented with a 7-point scale may select 6 as the highest score, so the researcher may have to make 6 in that culture the equivalent of 7 in a culture that uses the full range of the scale. Hays model of ADDRESSING: - correct answers Hays developed a model of inquiry with other individuals of color that she calls ADDRESSING. This acronym stands for (A) age and generational influences, (d) developmental and acquired (D) disability, (R) religion, (E) ethnic and racial identity, (S) social status, (S) sexual orientation, (I) Indigenous heritage, (N) national origin, and (G) gender. Issues in measuring intelligence: - correct answersIssues in measuring intelligence include inherent racism of the researchers, and that different cultures may value different contributions to what is called intelligence. Intelligence has a cultural component. Older people also tend to have more flexible thinking. High-stakes testing - correct answersRefers to intelligence tests, aptitude tests, achievement tests, and other forms of placement tests. Sternberg's general model of intelligence: - correct answersSays that intelligence is made up of at least three components: analytic intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence. Why do intelligence tests measure primarily analytic intelligence? - correct answersIntelligence tests and academic achievement tests have measured primarily analytic intelligence because it the easiest component to measure. Thus, individuals who excel in creative and practical forms of intelligence are not identified by our standard measures. Gardner's proposed forms of intelligence: - correct answersGardner proposed that intelligence comprises seven intelligences: linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal. He later added an eighth intelligence, naturalistic intelligence. Inequality - correct answersunequal access to opportunities Equality - correct answersEvenly distributed tools and assistance. Bias of the user - correct answersRefers to the introduction of bias into the interpretation of the test by the user of the test. If the user has a predetermined assessment of a group of individuals, then the test results may be interpreted to confirm that bias. Bias in the usage - correct answersRefers to how a test is used. Ethnic Minority Psychology - correct answersThe study of issues relevant to racial and ethnic groups that have historically been marginalized, oppressed, and underserved. 4 problems of equivalence: - correct answers1) functional, 2) conceptual, 3) linguistic, and 4) metric equivalence. Research projects have differing designs. The two most common are ____________ and ____________ designs. - correct answers1) Cross-sectional. 2) Longitudinal Functional Equivalence - correct answersItems that are equal functionally instead of literally. Meaning that sometimes something that has a certain meaning in one culture may not translate to another culture in terms of actual concepts. (Ex: Sinterklaus vs Santa Claus). Conceptual Equivalence - correct answersTerms or phrases that have equivalent cultural meaning. Ex: Depression in western society means certain things, but in other cultures they may have multiple words that mean different levels of depression. Or one word that means all levels of sadness. Cross-sectional design - correct answers Collects data all at once across age groups Longitudinal design - correct answers Collects data at one point in time and follows the original group across time to collect data across all age groups.