FMLY 1010 unit 3 questions well
answered 2025/2026
Physical Growth: The Rapid Advances of Infancy - correct answer ✔✔-by 5 months doubled
birth weight, by one year tripled, by second year four times
-weight gains of infancy are matched by increased length. By the end of the first year, the typical
baby grows almost 50 percent taller
-Not all parts of an infant's body grow at the same rate. at birth the head accounts for one-
quarter of the newborn's entire body size. During the first two years of life, the rest of the body
begins to catch up. By the age of two the baby's head is only one-fifth of body length, and by
adulthood it is only one-eighth
Four Principles of Growth. - correct answer ✔✔1. cephalocaudal principle - growth from head
to rest of body
2. proximodistal principle - growth from center of body outward
3. principle of hierarchical integration - skills develop separately and independently
4. principle of the independence of systems - different body systems grow at different rates
cephalocaudal principle - correct answer ✔✔states that growth follows a direction and pattern
that begins with the head and upper body parts and then proceeds to the rest of the body.
derived from Greek and Latin roots meaning "head-to-tail." means that we develop visual
abilities (located in the head) well before we master the ability to walk (closer to the end of the
body). operates both prenatally and after birth.
proximodistal principle - correct answer ✔✔states that development proceeds from the centre
of the body outward—that the trunk of the body grows before the extremities of the arms and
legs. Similarly, only after growth has occurred in the arms and legs can the fingers and toes
grow.
,principle of hierarchical integration - correct answer ✔✔states that simple skills typically
develop separately and independently. simple skills are integrated into more complex ones.
Thus, the relatively complex skill of grasping something in the hand cannot be mastered until
the developing infant learns how to control—and integrate—the movements of the individual
fingers
principle of the independence of systems, - correct answer ✔✔which suggests that different
body systems grow at different rates. This principle means that growth in one system does not
necessarily imply that growth is occurring in others. For instance, the patterns of growth for
body size, the nervous system, and sexual characteristics are independent.
neurons - correct answer ✔✔infants are born with between 100 and 200 billion neurons. In
order to reach this number, neurons multiply at an amazing rate prior to birth. In fact, at some
points in prenatal development, cell division creates some 250 000 additional neurons every
minute.
At birth, most neurons in an infant's brain have relatively few connections to other neurons.
During the first two years of life, however, a baby's brain will establish billions of new
connections between neuron
synaptic pruning - correct answer ✔✔born with many more neurons than they need.
-brain development enhances certain capabilities in part by a "pruning down" of unnecessary
neurons. Neurons that do not become interconnected with other neurons as the infant's
experience of the world increases become unnecessary. These neurons eventually die out,
increasing the efficiency of the nervous system.
-experiences do not stimulate certain nerve connections, these, like unused neurons, are
eliminated— allow established neurons to build more elaborate communication networks with
other neurons. Unlike most other aspects of growth, then, the development of the nervous
system proceeds most effectively through the loss of cells
myelin, - correct answer ✔✔a fatty substance that, like the insulation on an electric wire,
provides protection and speeds the transmission of nerve impulses. So even though many
neurons are lost, the increasing size and complexity of the remaining ones contribute to
impressive brain growth.
,subcortical levels, - correct answer ✔✔which regulate such fundamental activities as breathing
and heart rate, are the most fully developed at birth. As time passes, however, the cells in the
cerebral cortex, which are responsible for higher-order processes such as thinking and
reasoning, become more developed and interconnected.
shaken baby syndrome, - correct answer ✔✔in which an infant is shaken by a caretaker, usually
out of frustration or anger due to a baby's crying. Shaking can lead the brain to rotate within the
skull, causing blood vessels to tear and destroying the intricate connections between neurons.
produces severe medical problems, long-term physical and learning disabilities, and often death
plasticity, - correct answer ✔✔the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by
reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience
degree to which a developing structure or behaviour is modifiable due to experience,
sensitive period - correct answer ✔✔is a specific, but limited, time, usually early in an
organism's life, during which the organism is particularly susceptible to environmental
influences relating to some particular facet of development.
-can be associated with a behaviour—such as the development of vision—or with the
development of a structure of the body, such as the configuration of the brain
-suggests that unless an infant receives a certain level of early environmental stimulation during
a sensitive period, the infant might suffer damage or fail to develop capabilities that can never
be fully regained.
Rhythms and States. - correct answer ✔✔-rhythms, which are repetitive, cyclical patterns of
behaviour. Some are immediately obvious, such as the change from wakefulness to sleep.
Others are more subtle but still easily noticeable, such as breathing and sucking. Still other
require careful observation to be noticed. For instance, newborns may go through periods in
which they jerk their legs in a regular pattern every minute or so. Although some of these are
apparent just after birth, others emerge slowly over the first year as the neurons of the nervous
system become increasingly integrated. One major one is an infant's state—the degree of
awareness he or she displays to both internal and external stimulation.
, -States include various levels of wakeful behaviours, such as alertness, fussing, and crying, and
different levels of sleep as well. Each change in brings about a change in the amount of
stimulation required to get the infant's attention
Sleep: Perchance to Dream? - correct answer ✔✔-On average, newborn infants sleep some 16
to 17 hours a day, wide variations. Some sleep more than 20 hours, while others sleep as little
as 10 hours a day
-sleep initially comes in spurts of around two hours, followed by periods of wakefulness.
inafants and parents "out of sync" with the rest of the world,
-infants gradually settle into a more adult-like pattern. After a week, babies sleep a bit more at
night and are awake for slightly longer periods during the day.
-by 16 weeks infants begin to sleep as much as 6 continuous hours at night, and daytime sleep
falls into regular nap-like patterns. Most infants sleep through the night by the end of the first
year, and the total amount of sleep they need each day is reduced to about 15 hours
-During periods of sleep, an infant's heart rate increases and becomes irregular, their blood
pressure rises, and they begin to breathe more rapidly
-their closed eyes begin to move in a back-and-forth pattern, as if they were viewing an action-
packed scene. This period of active sleep is similar, although not identical, to the rapid eye
movement (REM) sleep of older children and adults, for whom it is associated with dreaming.
-REM-like sleep takes up around one-half of an infant's sleep, compared with just 20 percent of
an adult's sleep quantity of active sleep quickly declines, and by the age of six months, it
amounts to just one-third of total sleep time
-Infants' sleep cycles seem largely preprogrammed by genetic factors, but environmental
influences also play a part.
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) - correct answer ✔✔-disorder in which seemingly healthy
infants die in their sleep. Put to bed for a nap or for the night, an infant simply never wakes up.
SIDS strikes about 1 in 2000 infants in Canada each year.
-scientists have been unable to discover why that might happen. It is clear that infants don't
smother or choke; they die a peaceful death, simply ceasing to breathe
-some research suggests impaired brain function, which could in some cases be caused by
maternal alcohol use and smoking; autopsy reveals dysfunction in the medulla, a part of the
answered 2025/2026
Physical Growth: The Rapid Advances of Infancy - correct answer ✔✔-by 5 months doubled
birth weight, by one year tripled, by second year four times
-weight gains of infancy are matched by increased length. By the end of the first year, the typical
baby grows almost 50 percent taller
-Not all parts of an infant's body grow at the same rate. at birth the head accounts for one-
quarter of the newborn's entire body size. During the first two years of life, the rest of the body
begins to catch up. By the age of two the baby's head is only one-fifth of body length, and by
adulthood it is only one-eighth
Four Principles of Growth. - correct answer ✔✔1. cephalocaudal principle - growth from head
to rest of body
2. proximodistal principle - growth from center of body outward
3. principle of hierarchical integration - skills develop separately and independently
4. principle of the independence of systems - different body systems grow at different rates
cephalocaudal principle - correct answer ✔✔states that growth follows a direction and pattern
that begins with the head and upper body parts and then proceeds to the rest of the body.
derived from Greek and Latin roots meaning "head-to-tail." means that we develop visual
abilities (located in the head) well before we master the ability to walk (closer to the end of the
body). operates both prenatally and after birth.
proximodistal principle - correct answer ✔✔states that development proceeds from the centre
of the body outward—that the trunk of the body grows before the extremities of the arms and
legs. Similarly, only after growth has occurred in the arms and legs can the fingers and toes
grow.
,principle of hierarchical integration - correct answer ✔✔states that simple skills typically
develop separately and independently. simple skills are integrated into more complex ones.
Thus, the relatively complex skill of grasping something in the hand cannot be mastered until
the developing infant learns how to control—and integrate—the movements of the individual
fingers
principle of the independence of systems, - correct answer ✔✔which suggests that different
body systems grow at different rates. This principle means that growth in one system does not
necessarily imply that growth is occurring in others. For instance, the patterns of growth for
body size, the nervous system, and sexual characteristics are independent.
neurons - correct answer ✔✔infants are born with between 100 and 200 billion neurons. In
order to reach this number, neurons multiply at an amazing rate prior to birth. In fact, at some
points in prenatal development, cell division creates some 250 000 additional neurons every
minute.
At birth, most neurons in an infant's brain have relatively few connections to other neurons.
During the first two years of life, however, a baby's brain will establish billions of new
connections between neuron
synaptic pruning - correct answer ✔✔born with many more neurons than they need.
-brain development enhances certain capabilities in part by a "pruning down" of unnecessary
neurons. Neurons that do not become interconnected with other neurons as the infant's
experience of the world increases become unnecessary. These neurons eventually die out,
increasing the efficiency of the nervous system.
-experiences do not stimulate certain nerve connections, these, like unused neurons, are
eliminated— allow established neurons to build more elaborate communication networks with
other neurons. Unlike most other aspects of growth, then, the development of the nervous
system proceeds most effectively through the loss of cells
myelin, - correct answer ✔✔a fatty substance that, like the insulation on an electric wire,
provides protection and speeds the transmission of nerve impulses. So even though many
neurons are lost, the increasing size and complexity of the remaining ones contribute to
impressive brain growth.
,subcortical levels, - correct answer ✔✔which regulate such fundamental activities as breathing
and heart rate, are the most fully developed at birth. As time passes, however, the cells in the
cerebral cortex, which are responsible for higher-order processes such as thinking and
reasoning, become more developed and interconnected.
shaken baby syndrome, - correct answer ✔✔in which an infant is shaken by a caretaker, usually
out of frustration or anger due to a baby's crying. Shaking can lead the brain to rotate within the
skull, causing blood vessels to tear and destroying the intricate connections between neurons.
produces severe medical problems, long-term physical and learning disabilities, and often death
plasticity, - correct answer ✔✔the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by
reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience
degree to which a developing structure or behaviour is modifiable due to experience,
sensitive period - correct answer ✔✔is a specific, but limited, time, usually early in an
organism's life, during which the organism is particularly susceptible to environmental
influences relating to some particular facet of development.
-can be associated with a behaviour—such as the development of vision—or with the
development of a structure of the body, such as the configuration of the brain
-suggests that unless an infant receives a certain level of early environmental stimulation during
a sensitive period, the infant might suffer damage or fail to develop capabilities that can never
be fully regained.
Rhythms and States. - correct answer ✔✔-rhythms, which are repetitive, cyclical patterns of
behaviour. Some are immediately obvious, such as the change from wakefulness to sleep.
Others are more subtle but still easily noticeable, such as breathing and sucking. Still other
require careful observation to be noticed. For instance, newborns may go through periods in
which they jerk their legs in a regular pattern every minute or so. Although some of these are
apparent just after birth, others emerge slowly over the first year as the neurons of the nervous
system become increasingly integrated. One major one is an infant's state—the degree of
awareness he or she displays to both internal and external stimulation.
, -States include various levels of wakeful behaviours, such as alertness, fussing, and crying, and
different levels of sleep as well. Each change in brings about a change in the amount of
stimulation required to get the infant's attention
Sleep: Perchance to Dream? - correct answer ✔✔-On average, newborn infants sleep some 16
to 17 hours a day, wide variations. Some sleep more than 20 hours, while others sleep as little
as 10 hours a day
-sleep initially comes in spurts of around two hours, followed by periods of wakefulness.
inafants and parents "out of sync" with the rest of the world,
-infants gradually settle into a more adult-like pattern. After a week, babies sleep a bit more at
night and are awake for slightly longer periods during the day.
-by 16 weeks infants begin to sleep as much as 6 continuous hours at night, and daytime sleep
falls into regular nap-like patterns. Most infants sleep through the night by the end of the first
year, and the total amount of sleep they need each day is reduced to about 15 hours
-During periods of sleep, an infant's heart rate increases and becomes irregular, their blood
pressure rises, and they begin to breathe more rapidly
-their closed eyes begin to move in a back-and-forth pattern, as if they were viewing an action-
packed scene. This period of active sleep is similar, although not identical, to the rapid eye
movement (REM) sleep of older children and adults, for whom it is associated with dreaming.
-REM-like sleep takes up around one-half of an infant's sleep, compared with just 20 percent of
an adult's sleep quantity of active sleep quickly declines, and by the age of six months, it
amounts to just one-third of total sleep time
-Infants' sleep cycles seem largely preprogrammed by genetic factors, but environmental
influences also play a part.
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) - correct answer ✔✔-disorder in which seemingly healthy
infants die in their sleep. Put to bed for a nap or for the night, an infant simply never wakes up.
SIDS strikes about 1 in 2000 infants in Canada each year.
-scientists have been unable to discover why that might happen. It is clear that infants don't
smother or choke; they die a peaceful death, simply ceasing to breathe
-some research suggests impaired brain function, which could in some cases be caused by
maternal alcohol use and smoking; autopsy reveals dysfunction in the medulla, a part of the
