Bio 1010 (Kearley) Final- objectives
and application questions well
answered 2025/2026
How are water and solutes lost and gained from the body? - correct answer ✔✔Gained by:
- absorption from food
- metabolism
- respiration
Lost by:
- urinary excretion
- evaporation from respiratory surfaces
- sweat
- elimination in feces
What is the nephron? Where is it located? - correct answer ✔✔- nephrons are basic functional
units of the kidneys
- they are slender tubules that extend from the kidney's cortex to the medulla
- filter water and solutes from the blood (most are reclaimed in the peritubular capillaries)
Trace how fluid moves through the nephron and how urine is excreted from the body. - correct
answer ✔✔- blood enters the Bowman's Capsule and gets filtered by the glomerulus
- filtrate goes through the proximal convoluted tubule, the Loop of Henle, the distal convoluted
tubule, and the collecting duct
- outside the nephron, the duct system leads into the kidney's renal pelvis, and then to the
ureter, bladder, and urethra
,Explain filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion in detail. Include the glomerulus,
peritubular capillaries, and the different parts of the nephron in your discussion. - correct
answer ✔✔filtration- pressure filters blood by forcing water and solutes out of the glomerular
capillaries
reabsorption- solutes and water which move out of the nephron tubules are reabsorbed into
the peritubular capillaries and return to general circulation
secretion- solutes from the peritubular capillaries are secreted into the nephron- opposite of
reabsorption
excretion- water and solutes that were not reabsorbed, or were secreted into the tubule, flow
into the renal pelvis and eliminated from the body by the urinary tract
glomerulus- filtration
proximal convoluted tubule- secretion and reabsorption
Loop of Henle- reabsorption
distal convoluted tubule- secretion and reabsorption
collecting duct- reabsorption and excretion
What other organs are utilized (and how?) for excretion? - correct answer ✔✔- sweat glands:
release water and some solutes (urea)
- large intestine: removes salts and heavy metals (lead)
- lungs: remove carbon dioxide, water, and alcohol from blood
Hypothalamus - correct answer ✔✔- in forebrain
- synthesizes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone and conveys them to the pituitary
, Pituitary gland - correct answer ✔✔- base of hypothalamus
- anterior lobe: oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone
- posterior lobe: FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH, prolactin, somatotropin
Pineal gland - correct answer ✔✔- central brain
- melatonin
Thyroid gland - correct answer ✔✔- base of trachea
- thyroxine, calcitonin
- important that it has the correct concentration of iodine
Parathyroid gland - correct answer ✔✔- posterior side of the thyroid gland
- parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Thymus gland - correct answer ✔✔- superior to a child's heart
- thymosine hormones
Adrenal (Medulla) gland - correct answer ✔✔- inner part of the adrenal gland
- epinephrine and norepinephrine
Adrenal (Cortex) gland - correct answer ✔✔- outer part of adrenal gland
- cortisol
Pancreas gland - correct answer ✔✔- in abdominal cavity
- insulin and glucagon
and application questions well
answered 2025/2026
How are water and solutes lost and gained from the body? - correct answer ✔✔Gained by:
- absorption from food
- metabolism
- respiration
Lost by:
- urinary excretion
- evaporation from respiratory surfaces
- sweat
- elimination in feces
What is the nephron? Where is it located? - correct answer ✔✔- nephrons are basic functional
units of the kidneys
- they are slender tubules that extend from the kidney's cortex to the medulla
- filter water and solutes from the blood (most are reclaimed in the peritubular capillaries)
Trace how fluid moves through the nephron and how urine is excreted from the body. - correct
answer ✔✔- blood enters the Bowman's Capsule and gets filtered by the glomerulus
- filtrate goes through the proximal convoluted tubule, the Loop of Henle, the distal convoluted
tubule, and the collecting duct
- outside the nephron, the duct system leads into the kidney's renal pelvis, and then to the
ureter, bladder, and urethra
,Explain filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion in detail. Include the glomerulus,
peritubular capillaries, and the different parts of the nephron in your discussion. - correct
answer ✔✔filtration- pressure filters blood by forcing water and solutes out of the glomerular
capillaries
reabsorption- solutes and water which move out of the nephron tubules are reabsorbed into
the peritubular capillaries and return to general circulation
secretion- solutes from the peritubular capillaries are secreted into the nephron- opposite of
reabsorption
excretion- water and solutes that were not reabsorbed, or were secreted into the tubule, flow
into the renal pelvis and eliminated from the body by the urinary tract
glomerulus- filtration
proximal convoluted tubule- secretion and reabsorption
Loop of Henle- reabsorption
distal convoluted tubule- secretion and reabsorption
collecting duct- reabsorption and excretion
What other organs are utilized (and how?) for excretion? - correct answer ✔✔- sweat glands:
release water and some solutes (urea)
- large intestine: removes salts and heavy metals (lead)
- lungs: remove carbon dioxide, water, and alcohol from blood
Hypothalamus - correct answer ✔✔- in forebrain
- synthesizes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone and conveys them to the pituitary
, Pituitary gland - correct answer ✔✔- base of hypothalamus
- anterior lobe: oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone
- posterior lobe: FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH, prolactin, somatotropin
Pineal gland - correct answer ✔✔- central brain
- melatonin
Thyroid gland - correct answer ✔✔- base of trachea
- thyroxine, calcitonin
- important that it has the correct concentration of iodine
Parathyroid gland - correct answer ✔✔- posterior side of the thyroid gland
- parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Thymus gland - correct answer ✔✔- superior to a child's heart
- thymosine hormones
Adrenal (Medulla) gland - correct answer ✔✔- inner part of the adrenal gland
- epinephrine and norepinephrine
Adrenal (Cortex) gland - correct answer ✔✔- outer part of adrenal gland
- cortisol
Pancreas gland - correct answer ✔✔- in abdominal cavity
- insulin and glucagon
