POB final exam Shadwick |82 Questions with Solutions
Microbiota - -typical complement of bacterial species found on the human body; includes
species found both internally and externally
-Beneficial effects of microbes - --Nutrient cycling
-Photosynthesis
-Bioremediation
Also valuable for industrial processes life food processing
-Chemical evolution - -1. Simple organic molecules, called monomers, evolved from
inorganic compounds prior to the existence of cells. Amino acids, the basis of proteins, and
nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA and RNA, are examples of organic monomers
2. Organic monomers were joined, or polymerized to form organic polymers, such as DNA,
RNA, and proteins
-Biological evolution - -3. Organic polymers became enclosed in a membrane to form the
first cell precursors, called protobionts
4. Protobionts acquired the ability to self-replicate, as well as other cellular properties
-Four stages that lead to the formation of cells - -1. Organic monomers
2. Organic polymers
3. Protobionts
4. Living Cells
for more info see above slides
-Significance of the miller Urey experiment - -proved that organic molecules can be made
from inorganic molecules
-Compare and contrast the protein first vs RNA first hypotheses - -Protein first - some of
these newly formed polypeptides had enzymatic properties
RNA first - only the macromolecule RNA was needed to progress toward formation of the
first cells.
-Major Characteristics of Archaea - -- prokaryotes
- Sometimes have introns
- Histones
- Several types of RNA polymerase
Methionine is at start of protein synthesis
- Do not have nucleus or organelles
-Major characteristics of Bacteria - -Unicellular, prokaryotic, asexual, rigid cell wall of
peptidoglycon, multiply by binary fission
-Major characteristics of Eukaryotes - --Have nucleus and organelles
, -Introns
-Histones
-Several types of RNA polymerase
-Methionine is at start of protein synthesis
-Halophiles - --Love salt, usually in salt concentrations 4-5x the salt concentration of the
ocean (SLC, Dead Sea)
-Thermoacidohiles - --Usually found in extremely hot, acidic, aquatic environments such
as hot springs, geysers, and underwater volcanoes
-Methanogens - --Use carbon dioxide and hydrogen as energy sources and produce
methane
-can be found in anaerobic environments like swamps, lake sediments, rice paddies, and
the intestines of animals
-Structural features of bacteria - --can be rod shaped, spherical, and spiral shaped
-between .2 and 10 um in size
-all have plasma membrane
-most have a cell wall as well
-Flagella is used for locomotion, but cilia is not
-Describe reproduction of bacteria - --bacteria reproduce asexually
-The process is called binary fission
-It just grows until it is big enough to divide into two daughter cells
-3 ways bacterial can increase their genetic variation - --Conjugation, when a donor cell
passes DNA to a recipient cell
-Transformation, when a bacterium takes up DNA released into the medium by dead
bacteria
-Transduction, when viruses carry portions of bacterial DNA from one bacterium to
another
-Metabolism and ecological function of Cyanobacteria - --produced much of the oxygen in
the atmosphere
-algae
-first colonizers of rocks
-Diseases caused by Streptococcus Pyrogenes - --pneumonia
-meningitis
-middle ear infection
-strep throat
-Scarlet fever
-Diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus - --skin infections
-mostly affect immune compromised people, or very young or old people
Microbiota - -typical complement of bacterial species found on the human body; includes
species found both internally and externally
-Beneficial effects of microbes - --Nutrient cycling
-Photosynthesis
-Bioremediation
Also valuable for industrial processes life food processing
-Chemical evolution - -1. Simple organic molecules, called monomers, evolved from
inorganic compounds prior to the existence of cells. Amino acids, the basis of proteins, and
nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA and RNA, are examples of organic monomers
2. Organic monomers were joined, or polymerized to form organic polymers, such as DNA,
RNA, and proteins
-Biological evolution - -3. Organic polymers became enclosed in a membrane to form the
first cell precursors, called protobionts
4. Protobionts acquired the ability to self-replicate, as well as other cellular properties
-Four stages that lead to the formation of cells - -1. Organic monomers
2. Organic polymers
3. Protobionts
4. Living Cells
for more info see above slides
-Significance of the miller Urey experiment - -proved that organic molecules can be made
from inorganic molecules
-Compare and contrast the protein first vs RNA first hypotheses - -Protein first - some of
these newly formed polypeptides had enzymatic properties
RNA first - only the macromolecule RNA was needed to progress toward formation of the
first cells.
-Major Characteristics of Archaea - -- prokaryotes
- Sometimes have introns
- Histones
- Several types of RNA polymerase
Methionine is at start of protein synthesis
- Do not have nucleus or organelles
-Major characteristics of Bacteria - -Unicellular, prokaryotic, asexual, rigid cell wall of
peptidoglycon, multiply by binary fission
-Major characteristics of Eukaryotes - --Have nucleus and organelles
, -Introns
-Histones
-Several types of RNA polymerase
-Methionine is at start of protein synthesis
-Halophiles - --Love salt, usually in salt concentrations 4-5x the salt concentration of the
ocean (SLC, Dead Sea)
-Thermoacidohiles - --Usually found in extremely hot, acidic, aquatic environments such
as hot springs, geysers, and underwater volcanoes
-Methanogens - --Use carbon dioxide and hydrogen as energy sources and produce
methane
-can be found in anaerobic environments like swamps, lake sediments, rice paddies, and
the intestines of animals
-Structural features of bacteria - --can be rod shaped, spherical, and spiral shaped
-between .2 and 10 um in size
-all have plasma membrane
-most have a cell wall as well
-Flagella is used for locomotion, but cilia is not
-Describe reproduction of bacteria - --bacteria reproduce asexually
-The process is called binary fission
-It just grows until it is big enough to divide into two daughter cells
-3 ways bacterial can increase their genetic variation - --Conjugation, when a donor cell
passes DNA to a recipient cell
-Transformation, when a bacterium takes up DNA released into the medium by dead
bacteria
-Transduction, when viruses carry portions of bacterial DNA from one bacterium to
another
-Metabolism and ecological function of Cyanobacteria - --produced much of the oxygen in
the atmosphere
-algae
-first colonizers of rocks
-Diseases caused by Streptococcus Pyrogenes - --pneumonia
-meningitis
-middle ear infection
-strep throat
-Scarlet fever
-Diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus - --skin infections
-mostly affect immune compromised people, or very young or old people
