BIOL 2140 Final Exam with correct |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
answers
dura mater of spinal cord - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔- outer
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
covering
|\ |\
- single layer
|\ |\ |\
- not attached to bone of column
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
- between the vertebrae and the dura is an epidural space
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
filled with fat and a network of veins
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
- continuation of meningeal layer covering brain
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
arachnoid mater of spinal cord - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔- |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
CSF in subarachnoid space
|\ |\ |\
pia mater of the spinal cord - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔-
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
covers the spinal cord tissue to the conus medullaris
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
(tapered end of cord |\ |\ |\
- continues as a fine filament (filum terminale)
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
- anchors spinal cord to coccyx
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\
where does the dura mater and arachnoid extend
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
beyond? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔- extends beyond L1
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
(end of spinal cord) to S2
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\
,where is the ideal area for a spinal tap? - CORRECT
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
ANSWERS ✔✔- L3 (lumbar punture) |\ |\ |\ |\
What is a lumbar puncture? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔-
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
removal of CSF from subarachnoid space |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
what is the most common purpose for a lumbar puncture
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
- CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔- collect CSF in case of:
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
|\ - meningitis
|\ |\
|\ - subarachnoid hemorrhage
|\ |\ |\
|\ - hydrocephalus
|\ |\
|\ - benign intracranial
|\ |\ |\
|\ hypertension
another reason for lumbar punctures - CORRECT
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
ANSWERS ✔✔- inject medications into the CSF |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
("intrathecally")
- EX: spinal anesthesia, chemo
|\ |\ |\ |\
- can also be used to detect malignant cells in CSF ->
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
brain carcinoma |\
how many spinal nerves exit intervertebral foramina? -
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔-31 pairs |\ |\ |\ |\
,- cord ends around L1
|\ |\ |\ |\
where do lumbar + sacral spinal nerves exit? - CORRECT
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
ANSWERS ✔✔- cauda equina |\ |\ |\
gray matter of spinal cord - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔-
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
central 'H' shaped gray matter |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
- GM has central canal and:
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
|\ - two dorsal horns
|\ |\ |\
|\ - two ventral horns
|\ |\ |\
golden rules of spinal cord - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔1.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
sensory afferent nerves = back |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
2. motor nerves = front
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\
** see chart pg 116
|\ |\ |\ |\
posterior horns - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔- many |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
interneurons
anterior horns - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔- some|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
interneurons |\
- nerve cell bodies of somatic motor neurons
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
- send axons out via ventral (motor) root
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
, lateral horns - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔- in thoracic and
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
superior lumbar sections |\ |\ |\
- cell bodies of visceral motor neurons (sympathetic
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
division of ANS) |\ |\
- axons leave via the ventral root also
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
dorsal root - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔- contain afferent
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
sensory nerve fibers carrying impulses from periphery
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
- nerve cell bodies of sensory nerves are located in the
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
dorsal root ganglion
|\ |\ |\
- dorsal and ventral roots fuse to form the spinal nerves
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
ventral root - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔- contain somatic +
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
autonomic efferents |\
what can trauma to the spinal cord lead to? - CORRECT
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
ANSWERS ✔✔- paralysis |\ |\
flaccid paralysis - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔- muscles
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
atrophy due to lower motor neuron damage
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
- EX: no impulses reach muscles
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\
answers
dura mater of spinal cord - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔- outer
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
covering
|\ |\
- single layer
|\ |\ |\
- not attached to bone of column
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
- between the vertebrae and the dura is an epidural space
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
filled with fat and a network of veins
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
- continuation of meningeal layer covering brain
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
arachnoid mater of spinal cord - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔- |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
CSF in subarachnoid space
|\ |\ |\
pia mater of the spinal cord - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔-
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
covers the spinal cord tissue to the conus medullaris
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
(tapered end of cord |\ |\ |\
- continues as a fine filament (filum terminale)
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
- anchors spinal cord to coccyx
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\
where does the dura mater and arachnoid extend
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
beyond? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔- extends beyond L1
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
(end of spinal cord) to S2
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\
,where is the ideal area for a spinal tap? - CORRECT
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
ANSWERS ✔✔- L3 (lumbar punture) |\ |\ |\ |\
What is a lumbar puncture? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔-
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
removal of CSF from subarachnoid space |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
what is the most common purpose for a lumbar puncture
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
- CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔- collect CSF in case of:
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
|\ - meningitis
|\ |\
|\ - subarachnoid hemorrhage
|\ |\ |\
|\ - hydrocephalus
|\ |\
|\ - benign intracranial
|\ |\ |\
|\ hypertension
another reason for lumbar punctures - CORRECT
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
ANSWERS ✔✔- inject medications into the CSF |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
("intrathecally")
- EX: spinal anesthesia, chemo
|\ |\ |\ |\
- can also be used to detect malignant cells in CSF ->
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
brain carcinoma |\
how many spinal nerves exit intervertebral foramina? -
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔-31 pairs |\ |\ |\ |\
,- cord ends around L1
|\ |\ |\ |\
where do lumbar + sacral spinal nerves exit? - CORRECT
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
ANSWERS ✔✔- cauda equina |\ |\ |\
gray matter of spinal cord - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔-
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
central 'H' shaped gray matter |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
- GM has central canal and:
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
|\ - two dorsal horns
|\ |\ |\
|\ - two ventral horns
|\ |\ |\
golden rules of spinal cord - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔1.
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
sensory afferent nerves = back |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
2. motor nerves = front
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\
** see chart pg 116
|\ |\ |\ |\
posterior horns - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔- many |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
interneurons
anterior horns - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔- some|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
interneurons |\
- nerve cell bodies of somatic motor neurons
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
- send axons out via ventral (motor) root
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
, lateral horns - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔- in thoracic and
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
superior lumbar sections |\ |\ |\
- cell bodies of visceral motor neurons (sympathetic
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
division of ANS) |\ |\
- axons leave via the ventral root also
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
dorsal root - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔- contain afferent
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
sensory nerve fibers carrying impulses from periphery
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
- nerve cell bodies of sensory nerves are located in the
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
dorsal root ganglion
|\ |\ |\
- dorsal and ventral roots fuse to form the spinal nerves
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
ventral root - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔- contain somatic +
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
autonomic efferents |\
what can trauma to the spinal cord lead to? - CORRECT
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
ANSWERS ✔✔- paralysis |\ |\
flaccid paralysis - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔- muscles
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
atrophy due to lower motor neuron damage
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\ |\
- EX: no impulses reach muscles
|\ |\ |\ |\ |\
