NSG 530 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
FINAL PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ A 3-year-old child presents with nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
The child attends a daycare and has not been vaccinated. There is no
other significant history, and his parents are healthy. Which
diagnosis is supported by these symptoms?
A) Hepatitis A
B) Hepatitis B
C) Hepatitis C
D) Cirrhosis. Answer: Hepatitis A
◉ A patient is experiencing diuresis . Which statement is an accurate
explanation ?
A. Increase in renin
B. Increase in aldosterone
C. Increase in antidiuretic hormone
D. Increase in atrial natriuretic peptide. Answer: D. Increase in atrial
natriuretic peptide
◉ Which of the following, found in the liver sinusoids, are important
for healing liver injury and are bactericidal?
,A) hepatocytes
B) liver lobules
C) kupffer cells
D) dissespace. Answer: C) kupffer cells
◉ A female patient undergoes gastric resection . Following surgery ,
she experiences intermittent severe pain and epigastric fullness
after eating . Which of the following is the most likely reason for her
symptoms ?
A. Diarrhea
B. Dumping
C. Alkaline
D. Afferent loop obstruction. Answer: D. Afferent loop obstruction
◉ A patient presents with flank pain and anuria followed by
polyuria after undergoing catheterization of the ureters. What is the
most likely cause of this condition?
A. Acute tubular necrosis
B. Prerenal acute kidney injury
C. Postrenal acute kidney injury
D. Infrarenal acute kidney injury. Answer: C. Postrenal acute kidney
injury
,◉ CAD Risk Factors: Non-modifiable. Answer: age
genetic disposition
family history
ethnic background
gender
◉ CAD risk factors. Answer: Age >55
male
fam hx
personal hx peripheral vasc/Cerebrovascular disease
smoking
lipid abnorm
DM
HTN
obesity
sedentary
cocaine
estrogen use
dyslipidemia - high LDL, low HDL, high triglycerides
◉ what happens when LDL becomes oxidized. Answer: becomes
oxidized when exposed to endothelial cells and smooth muscle cell
, then exposed to macrophages
becomes foam cell
makes up atherosclerotic plaque
◉ what does HDL do. Answer: reverse cholesterol transport
returns excess cholesterol from the tissue to the liver where it binds
to hepatic receptors and is processed or eliminated as bile or
converted to cholesterol-containing steroids
protects LDL from oxidation
◉ explain the relationship of lipoprotiens and diabetes as a risk
factor for CAD. Answer: lipoproteins can be altered by glycation as a
result of high glucose levels which causes a greater integration into
macrophages (engulf oxidized LDL) this then accumulates in the
arterial wall causing platelet aggregation and smooth muscle
proliferation
◉ android obesity. Answer: excess body fat that is placed
predominantly within the abdomen and upper body, as opposed to
the hips and thighs
strongest link with CAD risk r/t insulin resistance, decreased HDL
levels, increased blood pressure, and inflammation
◉ 9 P21. Answer: genetic variant associated with a strong risk for
CAD
FINAL PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ A 3-year-old child presents with nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
The child attends a daycare and has not been vaccinated. There is no
other significant history, and his parents are healthy. Which
diagnosis is supported by these symptoms?
A) Hepatitis A
B) Hepatitis B
C) Hepatitis C
D) Cirrhosis. Answer: Hepatitis A
◉ A patient is experiencing diuresis . Which statement is an accurate
explanation ?
A. Increase in renin
B. Increase in aldosterone
C. Increase in antidiuretic hormone
D. Increase in atrial natriuretic peptide. Answer: D. Increase in atrial
natriuretic peptide
◉ Which of the following, found in the liver sinusoids, are important
for healing liver injury and are bactericidal?
,A) hepatocytes
B) liver lobules
C) kupffer cells
D) dissespace. Answer: C) kupffer cells
◉ A female patient undergoes gastric resection . Following surgery ,
she experiences intermittent severe pain and epigastric fullness
after eating . Which of the following is the most likely reason for her
symptoms ?
A. Diarrhea
B. Dumping
C. Alkaline
D. Afferent loop obstruction. Answer: D. Afferent loop obstruction
◉ A patient presents with flank pain and anuria followed by
polyuria after undergoing catheterization of the ureters. What is the
most likely cause of this condition?
A. Acute tubular necrosis
B. Prerenal acute kidney injury
C. Postrenal acute kidney injury
D. Infrarenal acute kidney injury. Answer: C. Postrenal acute kidney
injury
,◉ CAD Risk Factors: Non-modifiable. Answer: age
genetic disposition
family history
ethnic background
gender
◉ CAD risk factors. Answer: Age >55
male
fam hx
personal hx peripheral vasc/Cerebrovascular disease
smoking
lipid abnorm
DM
HTN
obesity
sedentary
cocaine
estrogen use
dyslipidemia - high LDL, low HDL, high triglycerides
◉ what happens when LDL becomes oxidized. Answer: becomes
oxidized when exposed to endothelial cells and smooth muscle cell
, then exposed to macrophages
becomes foam cell
makes up atherosclerotic plaque
◉ what does HDL do. Answer: reverse cholesterol transport
returns excess cholesterol from the tissue to the liver where it binds
to hepatic receptors and is processed or eliminated as bile or
converted to cholesterol-containing steroids
protects LDL from oxidation
◉ explain the relationship of lipoprotiens and diabetes as a risk
factor for CAD. Answer: lipoproteins can be altered by glycation as a
result of high glucose levels which causes a greater integration into
macrophages (engulf oxidized LDL) this then accumulates in the
arterial wall causing platelet aggregation and smooth muscle
proliferation
◉ android obesity. Answer: excess body fat that is placed
predominantly within the abdomen and upper body, as opposed to
the hips and thighs
strongest link with CAD risk r/t insulin resistance, decreased HDL
levels, increased blood pressure, and inflammation
◉ 9 P21. Answer: genetic variant associated with a strong risk for
CAD
