NR 565 - ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY MIDTERM| QUESTION AND
ANSWERS VERIFIED| LATEST EXAM UPDATE 2025/2026.
During what trimester is a pregnant woman most at risk for adverse drug
reactions with potential long term consequences? -CORRECT ANSWER 1st
trimester (fetus most at risk d/t rapid growth)
What is BEERS criteria? -CORRECT ANSWER Recommendations of
medications inappropriate for elderly (65 and older), prescriber ultimately
decides
What is the CYP450 (cytochrome P450) -CORRECT ANSWER liver enzyme
system where medications are metabolized, can either be inducers or inhibitors
and create drug-drug interactions
CYP450 inducers -CORRECT ANSWER Speed up metabolism of drugs (drug
is cleared faster), drug has lesser effect (decrease blood levels of drug), elevate
CYP450 enzymes
CYP450 inducers pneumonic -CORRECT ANSWER "Bullshit Crap GPS
INDUCES rage"
CYP450 inducer drug names -CORRECT ANSWER Barbituates, St John
wort, Carbamazepine, rifampin, alcohol, phenytoin, griseofulvin, phenobarbital,
sulfonylureas
CYP450 inhibitors -CORRECT ANSWER inhibit metabolism, increase blood
levels of medications
,CYP450 pneumonic -CORRECT ANSWER "VISA credit card debt INHIBITS
spending on designers like CK to look GQ"
CYP450 inhibitors drug names -CORRECT ANSWER Valproate, isoniazid,
sulfonamides, amiodarone, chloramphenicol, ketoconazole, grapefruit juice,
quinidine
Physiological changes during pregnancy that impact pharmacodynamics and
pharmacokinetic properties of drugs? -CORRECT ANSWER increase
glomerular filtration rate leads to increase durg excretion
increase hepatic metabolism
decrease tone and motility of bowel
increase drug absorption
Examples of medications that can be teratogenic -CORRECT ANSWER
Antiepileptic drugs, antimicrobials such as tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones,
vitamin A in large doses, some anticoagulants, and hormonal medications such
as diethylstilbestrol (DES).
How is absorption of intramuscular medications different in neonates? -
CORRECT ANSWER slow and erratic due to low blood flow in muscles first
few days of life
Why is absorption of medication in the stomach increased in infancy? -
CORRECT ANSWER delayed gastric emptying
Some medications that should be avoided in the pediatric patient? -CORRECT
ANSWER glucocorticoids, discoloration of developing teeth with tetracyclines,
and kernicterus with sulfonamides, levofloxacin (antibiotics)
aspirin (Severe intoxication from acute overdose)
,what should be included in medication administration patient education? -
CORRECT ANSWER dosage size and timing
route and technique of administration
duration of treatment
drug storage
nature and time course of desired responses
nature and time course of adverse responses
finish taking antibiotic
What are some things that put the elderly patient at higher risk for adverse drug
reactions? -CORRECT ANSWER reduced renal function
polypharmacy (the use of five or more medications daily)
greater severity of illness
presence of comorbidities
use of drugs that have a low therapeutic index (e.g., digoxin)
increased individual variation secondary to altered pharmacokinetics
inadequate supervision of long-term therapy
poor patient adherence
How can healthcare providers decrease likelihood of an elderly patient
experiencing an adverse drug reaction? -CORRECT ANSWER obtaining a
thorough drug history that includes over-the-counter medications
considering pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics changes due to age
monitoring the patient's clinical response and plasma drug levels
using the simplest regimen possible
monitoring for drug-drug interactions and iatrogenic illness
, periodically reviewing the need for continued drug therapy
encouraging the patient to dispose of old medications
taking steps to promote adherence and to avoid drugs on the Beers list
How can we promote medication adherence with elderly patients? -CORRECT
ANSWER simplifying drug regimens
providing clear and concise verbal and written instructions
using an appropriate dosage form
clearly labeling and dispensing easy-to-open containers
developing daily reminders
monitoring frequently
affordability of drugs
support systems
Why do nitrates need to be taken no later than 4 PM? -CORRECT ANSWER
Need nitrate free interval so tolerance doesn't develop
Nine factors that impact outcome of medication? -CORRECT ANSWER
Gender and race
Genetics and pharmacogenomics
Variability in absorption
placebo effect
Tolerance
patho
age
bodyweight
ANSWERS VERIFIED| LATEST EXAM UPDATE 2025/2026.
During what trimester is a pregnant woman most at risk for adverse drug
reactions with potential long term consequences? -CORRECT ANSWER 1st
trimester (fetus most at risk d/t rapid growth)
What is BEERS criteria? -CORRECT ANSWER Recommendations of
medications inappropriate for elderly (65 and older), prescriber ultimately
decides
What is the CYP450 (cytochrome P450) -CORRECT ANSWER liver enzyme
system where medications are metabolized, can either be inducers or inhibitors
and create drug-drug interactions
CYP450 inducers -CORRECT ANSWER Speed up metabolism of drugs (drug
is cleared faster), drug has lesser effect (decrease blood levels of drug), elevate
CYP450 enzymes
CYP450 inducers pneumonic -CORRECT ANSWER "Bullshit Crap GPS
INDUCES rage"
CYP450 inducer drug names -CORRECT ANSWER Barbituates, St John
wort, Carbamazepine, rifampin, alcohol, phenytoin, griseofulvin, phenobarbital,
sulfonylureas
CYP450 inhibitors -CORRECT ANSWER inhibit metabolism, increase blood
levels of medications
,CYP450 pneumonic -CORRECT ANSWER "VISA credit card debt INHIBITS
spending on designers like CK to look GQ"
CYP450 inhibitors drug names -CORRECT ANSWER Valproate, isoniazid,
sulfonamides, amiodarone, chloramphenicol, ketoconazole, grapefruit juice,
quinidine
Physiological changes during pregnancy that impact pharmacodynamics and
pharmacokinetic properties of drugs? -CORRECT ANSWER increase
glomerular filtration rate leads to increase durg excretion
increase hepatic metabolism
decrease tone and motility of bowel
increase drug absorption
Examples of medications that can be teratogenic -CORRECT ANSWER
Antiepileptic drugs, antimicrobials such as tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones,
vitamin A in large doses, some anticoagulants, and hormonal medications such
as diethylstilbestrol (DES).
How is absorption of intramuscular medications different in neonates? -
CORRECT ANSWER slow and erratic due to low blood flow in muscles first
few days of life
Why is absorption of medication in the stomach increased in infancy? -
CORRECT ANSWER delayed gastric emptying
Some medications that should be avoided in the pediatric patient? -CORRECT
ANSWER glucocorticoids, discoloration of developing teeth with tetracyclines,
and kernicterus with sulfonamides, levofloxacin (antibiotics)
aspirin (Severe intoxication from acute overdose)
,what should be included in medication administration patient education? -
CORRECT ANSWER dosage size and timing
route and technique of administration
duration of treatment
drug storage
nature and time course of desired responses
nature and time course of adverse responses
finish taking antibiotic
What are some things that put the elderly patient at higher risk for adverse drug
reactions? -CORRECT ANSWER reduced renal function
polypharmacy (the use of five or more medications daily)
greater severity of illness
presence of comorbidities
use of drugs that have a low therapeutic index (e.g., digoxin)
increased individual variation secondary to altered pharmacokinetics
inadequate supervision of long-term therapy
poor patient adherence
How can healthcare providers decrease likelihood of an elderly patient
experiencing an adverse drug reaction? -CORRECT ANSWER obtaining a
thorough drug history that includes over-the-counter medications
considering pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics changes due to age
monitoring the patient's clinical response and plasma drug levels
using the simplest regimen possible
monitoring for drug-drug interactions and iatrogenic illness
, periodically reviewing the need for continued drug therapy
encouraging the patient to dispose of old medications
taking steps to promote adherence and to avoid drugs on the Beers list
How can we promote medication adherence with elderly patients? -CORRECT
ANSWER simplifying drug regimens
providing clear and concise verbal and written instructions
using an appropriate dosage form
clearly labeling and dispensing easy-to-open containers
developing daily reminders
monitoring frequently
affordability of drugs
support systems
Why do nitrates need to be taken no later than 4 PM? -CORRECT ANSWER
Need nitrate free interval so tolerance doesn't develop
Nine factors that impact outcome of medication? -CORRECT ANSWER
Gender and race
Genetics and pharmacogenomics
Variability in absorption
placebo effect
Tolerance
patho
age
bodyweight
