1|Page
MCB4271 Final Exam, MCB4271 Test Bank,
Molecular and Cell Biology, MCB4271 Questions
and Answers, Advanced Biology Exam,
MCB4271 Study Guide, Biology Final Exam Prep
True or False: All antibacterial drugs are antibiotics. -
.....ANSWER ...✔✔ False
When was the first antibiotic discovered? - .....ANSWER
...✔✔ 1928
Antimicrobial resistance - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ The
ability of a microbe to stop an antimicrobial from
working against it, resulting in standard treatments
becoming ineffective and infections becoming persistent.
What types of organisms can cause AMR? - .....ANSWER
...✔✔ Bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites, pests, weeds
What's a type of "resistance" found in humans? -
.....ANSWER ...✔✔ Cancers being resistant to
chemotherapy
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Community-acquired infection - .....ANSWER ...✔✔
Infection acquired in the community (gym, subway,
classroom, etc.), not in a hospital
Nosocomial infections - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ Hospital
acquired infections (nursing home, clinic, etc.)
Most AMR infections are ___. - .....ANSWER ...✔✔
Community-acquired
Most deaths due to AMR infections are ___. -
.....ANSWER ...✔✔ Nosocomial
AMR occurs ___. - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ Naturally
AMR leads to: - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ Longer hospital
stays, higher medical costs, increased mortality
Describe the trend in percentage of ABR infections. -
.....ANSWER ...✔✔ Annually, the number of bacterial
infections stays pretty constant; percentage of ABR
infections keeps increasing.
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How does ABR lead to higher medical costs? -
.....ANSWER ...✔✔ 1. Cost of prescription antibiotics
2. Prolonged hospital stays
3. Additional diagnostics/lab tests
4. Need to hire specialists
Describe the relationship between numbers of resistant
bacteria and numbers of novel antibiotics. - .....ANSWER
...✔✔ Resistant bacteria - increasing
Antibiotics - almost 0
How long does it take for an antibiotic to develop
clinical resistance? - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ 8 years
What are 7 major factors contributing to AMR in
healthcare? - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ 1. Misuse of
antibiotics
2. Use of antibiotics in healthcare
3. Lack of antibiotics (untreated person with resistant
bacteria poses a risk to others)
4. Poor sanitation/personal hygiene
5. Inadequate infection controls in healthcare settings
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6. Limiting exposure to microbes
7. Antimicrobials in personal hygiene products
What are 3 factors contributing to antibiotic misuse? -
.....ANSWER ...✔✔ 1. Underuse - not finishing
prescriptions
2. Use - using antibiotics increases risks for other
infections (e.g., C. diff)
3. Overuse - 25 to 75% prescriptions; given when not
needed, continued when not necessary, wrong dose,
wrong antibiotic
Describe how population growth leads to antibiotic
resistance. - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ Increase in global
population --> increase in food demand --> increased
animal farming --> increased disease transmission on
farms --> increased use of antibiotics --> increased ABR
--> increased probability of humans encountering low
levels of antibiotics --> increased ABR
What are 2 reasons for antibiotics being used for
farming? - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ 1. Growth promoters -
either inhibit gut bacteria, which leads to increased
energy uptake, or kill pathogenic bacteria, resulting in
more energy for growth
MCB4271 Final Exam, MCB4271 Test Bank,
Molecular and Cell Biology, MCB4271 Questions
and Answers, Advanced Biology Exam,
MCB4271 Study Guide, Biology Final Exam Prep
True or False: All antibacterial drugs are antibiotics. -
.....ANSWER ...✔✔ False
When was the first antibiotic discovered? - .....ANSWER
...✔✔ 1928
Antimicrobial resistance - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ The
ability of a microbe to stop an antimicrobial from
working against it, resulting in standard treatments
becoming ineffective and infections becoming persistent.
What types of organisms can cause AMR? - .....ANSWER
...✔✔ Bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites, pests, weeds
What's a type of "resistance" found in humans? -
.....ANSWER ...✔✔ Cancers being resistant to
chemotherapy
,2|Page
Community-acquired infection - .....ANSWER ...✔✔
Infection acquired in the community (gym, subway,
classroom, etc.), not in a hospital
Nosocomial infections - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ Hospital
acquired infections (nursing home, clinic, etc.)
Most AMR infections are ___. - .....ANSWER ...✔✔
Community-acquired
Most deaths due to AMR infections are ___. -
.....ANSWER ...✔✔ Nosocomial
AMR occurs ___. - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ Naturally
AMR leads to: - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ Longer hospital
stays, higher medical costs, increased mortality
Describe the trend in percentage of ABR infections. -
.....ANSWER ...✔✔ Annually, the number of bacterial
infections stays pretty constant; percentage of ABR
infections keeps increasing.
,3|Page
How does ABR lead to higher medical costs? -
.....ANSWER ...✔✔ 1. Cost of prescription antibiotics
2. Prolonged hospital stays
3. Additional diagnostics/lab tests
4. Need to hire specialists
Describe the relationship between numbers of resistant
bacteria and numbers of novel antibiotics. - .....ANSWER
...✔✔ Resistant bacteria - increasing
Antibiotics - almost 0
How long does it take for an antibiotic to develop
clinical resistance? - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ 8 years
What are 7 major factors contributing to AMR in
healthcare? - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ 1. Misuse of
antibiotics
2. Use of antibiotics in healthcare
3. Lack of antibiotics (untreated person with resistant
bacteria poses a risk to others)
4. Poor sanitation/personal hygiene
5. Inadequate infection controls in healthcare settings
, 4|Page
6. Limiting exposure to microbes
7. Antimicrobials in personal hygiene products
What are 3 factors contributing to antibiotic misuse? -
.....ANSWER ...✔✔ 1. Underuse - not finishing
prescriptions
2. Use - using antibiotics increases risks for other
infections (e.g., C. diff)
3. Overuse - 25 to 75% prescriptions; given when not
needed, continued when not necessary, wrong dose,
wrong antibiotic
Describe how population growth leads to antibiotic
resistance. - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ Increase in global
population --> increase in food demand --> increased
animal farming --> increased disease transmission on
farms --> increased use of antibiotics --> increased ABR
--> increased probability of humans encountering low
levels of antibiotics --> increased ABR
What are 2 reasons for antibiotics being used for
farming? - .....ANSWER ...✔✔ 1. Growth promoters -
either inhibit gut bacteria, which leads to increased
energy uptake, or kill pathogenic bacteria, resulting in
more energy for growth
