Diabetes - Nursing 112 Exam Questions
and Answers Graded A+
Diabetes mellitus - Correct answer-- Common chronic disease of adults requiring
continuing medical supervision and patient self-care education
- Primary disorder of glucose metabolism related to absent or insufficient insulin
supplies and/or poor utilization of the insulin that is available
- Related to: abnormal insulin production, impaired insulin utilization, OR both
Pancreas - Correct answer-- Body organ that secretes digestive enzymes
- Secretes hormones insulin and glucagon
- Contains Islets of Langerhans (alpha cells- glucagon, beta cells- insulin)
Glucagon - Correct answer-- Counterregulatory hormone to insulin
- Causes release of glucose from cell storage when levels are low
Insulin - Correct answer-- Binds to insulin receptors on the cells membrane
- Allows glucose to move from the blood into the cells to be used as energy
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,- In the liver (promotes glycogenesis, inhibits glycogenolysis, inhibits ketogenesis,
inhibits gluconeogenesis)
- In muscle: promotes protein and glycogen synthesis
- In fat cells: promotes triglyceride storage
- Keeps blood glucose levels from rising too high and helps keep blood lipid levels
in the normal range
Basal insulin secretions - Correct answer-Release of insulin is constant at low
levels when fasting
Prandial insulin secretions - Correct answer-Insulin levels increase after eating
Absence of insulin clinical presentation - Correct answer-Hyperglycemia, polyuria,
polydipsia, polyphagia, metabolic acidosis, Kussmaul respirations,
hemoconcentration, hypovolemia, hyperviscosity, hypoperfusion, hypoxia, alter
potassium levels
Glucose - Correct answer-- Simple sugar
- Provides energy to all cells in the body
- Enters the cells from the blood to be used as fuel
Ketones - Correct answer-- Byproduct of fat metabolism for energy
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,- Leads to metabolic acidosis
Prediabetes - Correct answer-- Glucose levels are higher than normal, but not
enough for a diagnosis of diabetes
- Blood glucose greater than 100 mg/dl and less than 126 mg/dl
- Used to identify those at risk for developing Type 2 Diabetes
- Increased levels of Fasting Blood Glucose (HgBA1C) and impaired glucose
tolerance (IGT)
Type 1 DM - Correct answer-- Little or no insulin is produced by the pancreas
- Formerly known as juvenile onset or insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
- Most often occurs in people under 30 y/o
Type 1 DM etiology and pathophysiology - Correct answer-- Result of pancreatic
islet cell destruction and a total deficit of circulating insulin
- T-cells attack and destroy pancreatic beta cells
- Autoantibodies cause a reduction of 80% to 90% of normal beta cell function
before manifestations occur
- Causes: genetic predisposition and exposure to a virus, unknown nonimmune
factors
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, Type 1 DM clinical manifestations - Correct answer-- Weight loss
- Classic triad signs of hyperglycemia (polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia)
- Weakness and fatigue
- Ketoacidosis
Classic triad of s/sx of hyperglycemia - Correct answer-Polyuria, polydipsia,
polyphagia
Type 1 DM treatment - Correct answer-Requires insulin injections for LIFE
Type 2 DM - Correct answer-- Formerly known as non-insulin dependent diabetes
mellitus (NIDDM) or "adult onset"
- Encompasses over 90% of persons with diabetes
- 80% to 90% of patients are overweight at time of diagnosis
- Pancreas continues to produce some endogenous insulin, insulin is produced in
insufficient quantity AND/OR insulin is poorly used by the tissues (insulin
resistance)
Type 2 DM risk factors - Correct answer-- Obesity, especially abd. and visceral
adiposity
- Apple-shaped figure
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and Answers Graded A+
Diabetes mellitus - Correct answer-- Common chronic disease of adults requiring
continuing medical supervision and patient self-care education
- Primary disorder of glucose metabolism related to absent or insufficient insulin
supplies and/or poor utilization of the insulin that is available
- Related to: abnormal insulin production, impaired insulin utilization, OR both
Pancreas - Correct answer-- Body organ that secretes digestive enzymes
- Secretes hormones insulin and glucagon
- Contains Islets of Langerhans (alpha cells- glucagon, beta cells- insulin)
Glucagon - Correct answer-- Counterregulatory hormone to insulin
- Causes release of glucose from cell storage when levels are low
Insulin - Correct answer-- Binds to insulin receptors on the cells membrane
- Allows glucose to move from the blood into the cells to be used as energy
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
,- In the liver (promotes glycogenesis, inhibits glycogenolysis, inhibits ketogenesis,
inhibits gluconeogenesis)
- In muscle: promotes protein and glycogen synthesis
- In fat cells: promotes triglyceride storage
- Keeps blood glucose levels from rising too high and helps keep blood lipid levels
in the normal range
Basal insulin secretions - Correct answer-Release of insulin is constant at low
levels when fasting
Prandial insulin secretions - Correct answer-Insulin levels increase after eating
Absence of insulin clinical presentation - Correct answer-Hyperglycemia, polyuria,
polydipsia, polyphagia, metabolic acidosis, Kussmaul respirations,
hemoconcentration, hypovolemia, hyperviscosity, hypoperfusion, hypoxia, alter
potassium levels
Glucose - Correct answer-- Simple sugar
- Provides energy to all cells in the body
- Enters the cells from the blood to be used as fuel
Ketones - Correct answer-- Byproduct of fat metabolism for energy
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
,- Leads to metabolic acidosis
Prediabetes - Correct answer-- Glucose levels are higher than normal, but not
enough for a diagnosis of diabetes
- Blood glucose greater than 100 mg/dl and less than 126 mg/dl
- Used to identify those at risk for developing Type 2 Diabetes
- Increased levels of Fasting Blood Glucose (HgBA1C) and impaired glucose
tolerance (IGT)
Type 1 DM - Correct answer-- Little or no insulin is produced by the pancreas
- Formerly known as juvenile onset or insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
- Most often occurs in people under 30 y/o
Type 1 DM etiology and pathophysiology - Correct answer-- Result of pancreatic
islet cell destruction and a total deficit of circulating insulin
- T-cells attack and destroy pancreatic beta cells
- Autoantibodies cause a reduction of 80% to 90% of normal beta cell function
before manifestations occur
- Causes: genetic predisposition and exposure to a virus, unknown nonimmune
factors
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3
, Type 1 DM clinical manifestations - Correct answer-- Weight loss
- Classic triad signs of hyperglycemia (polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia)
- Weakness and fatigue
- Ketoacidosis
Classic triad of s/sx of hyperglycemia - Correct answer-Polyuria, polydipsia,
polyphagia
Type 1 DM treatment - Correct answer-Requires insulin injections for LIFE
Type 2 DM - Correct answer-- Formerly known as non-insulin dependent diabetes
mellitus (NIDDM) or "adult onset"
- Encompasses over 90% of persons with diabetes
- 80% to 90% of patients are overweight at time of diagnosis
- Pancreas continues to produce some endogenous insulin, insulin is produced in
insufficient quantity AND/OR insulin is poorly used by the tissues (insulin
resistance)
Type 2 DM risk factors - Correct answer-- Obesity, especially abd. and visceral
adiposity
- Apple-shaped figure
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 4
