26 JANUARI 2021
SUMMARY FYSIOLOGIE/PATHOLOGIE
CLAUDIA WESTHOF
,Index
College 1: The respiratory system ........................................................................................................... 2
Perfusion ............................................................................................................................................. 5
Ventilation ........................................................................................................................................... 6
Diffusion ............................................................................................................................................ 11
College 2: The nervous system .............................................................................................................. 17
Anatomy and function ....................................................................................................................... 17
Central nervous system (CNS) ....................................................................................................... 17
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) .................................................................................................. 20
Neurons ......................................................................................................................................... 21
Supportive cells of CNS and PNS ................................................................................................... 23
Intraneural communication............................................................................................................... 28
Action potential ............................................................................................................................. 28
Neurotransmitters ......................................................................................................................... 33
College 3: The cardiology system .......................................................................................................... 38
The circulatory system ...................................................................................................................... 38
The heart ........................................................................................................................................... 44
The cardiac muscle ............................................................................................................................ 48
The cardiac conduction system ......................................................................................................... 54
The cardiac cycle ............................................................................................................................... 61
College 4: The gastrointestinal system.................................................................................................. 64
The mouth ......................................................................................................................................... 66
The oesophagus................................................................................................................................. 68
The stomach ...................................................................................................................................... 69
Intestine............................................................................................................................................. 75
The small intestine ........................................................................................................................ 76
The large intestine ......................................................................................................................... 83
Overview food digestion ................................................................................................................... 85
College 5: Reproduction ........................................................................................................................ 92
Sex determination and sexual differentiation................................................................................... 92
Gametogenesis .................................................................................................................................. 96
Sex hormones .................................................................................................................................... 99
Male reproduction .......................................................................................................................... 100
Female reproduction ....................................................................................................................... 103
Contraception .................................................................................................................................. 106
Fertilization...................................................................................................................................... 107
1
,College 1: The respiratory system
Breathing → body needs oxygen, CO2 must be removed
Respiration:
• Perfusion: blood flow through the lungs
• Ventilation: movement of air between atmosphere and lungs
• Diffusion: transfer of gasses between lungs and blood
Figure 1, structures of the respiratory system.
Conduction airways:
• Warming
• Filtering
• Moisturizing
Anatomy:
• Trachea
• Oesophagus lies behind the trachea
• Right lung → 3 lobes
• Left lung → 2 lobes, with space for the heart next to the lung
• Bronchus → bronchiole → alveolus (lung vesicle)
2
, o
Figure 2, airway wall structure.
o
Figure 3, airway epithelium.
o
Figure 4, bronchial tree.
3
SUMMARY FYSIOLOGIE/PATHOLOGIE
CLAUDIA WESTHOF
,Index
College 1: The respiratory system ........................................................................................................... 2
Perfusion ............................................................................................................................................. 5
Ventilation ........................................................................................................................................... 6
Diffusion ............................................................................................................................................ 11
College 2: The nervous system .............................................................................................................. 17
Anatomy and function ....................................................................................................................... 17
Central nervous system (CNS) ....................................................................................................... 17
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) .................................................................................................. 20
Neurons ......................................................................................................................................... 21
Supportive cells of CNS and PNS ................................................................................................... 23
Intraneural communication............................................................................................................... 28
Action potential ............................................................................................................................. 28
Neurotransmitters ......................................................................................................................... 33
College 3: The cardiology system .......................................................................................................... 38
The circulatory system ...................................................................................................................... 38
The heart ........................................................................................................................................... 44
The cardiac muscle ............................................................................................................................ 48
The cardiac conduction system ......................................................................................................... 54
The cardiac cycle ............................................................................................................................... 61
College 4: The gastrointestinal system.................................................................................................. 64
The mouth ......................................................................................................................................... 66
The oesophagus................................................................................................................................. 68
The stomach ...................................................................................................................................... 69
Intestine............................................................................................................................................. 75
The small intestine ........................................................................................................................ 76
The large intestine ......................................................................................................................... 83
Overview food digestion ................................................................................................................... 85
College 5: Reproduction ........................................................................................................................ 92
Sex determination and sexual differentiation................................................................................... 92
Gametogenesis .................................................................................................................................. 96
Sex hormones .................................................................................................................................... 99
Male reproduction .......................................................................................................................... 100
Female reproduction ....................................................................................................................... 103
Contraception .................................................................................................................................. 106
Fertilization...................................................................................................................................... 107
1
,College 1: The respiratory system
Breathing → body needs oxygen, CO2 must be removed
Respiration:
• Perfusion: blood flow through the lungs
• Ventilation: movement of air between atmosphere and lungs
• Diffusion: transfer of gasses between lungs and blood
Figure 1, structures of the respiratory system.
Conduction airways:
• Warming
• Filtering
• Moisturizing
Anatomy:
• Trachea
• Oesophagus lies behind the trachea
• Right lung → 3 lobes
• Left lung → 2 lobes, with space for the heart next to the lung
• Bronchus → bronchiole → alveolus (lung vesicle)
2
, o
Figure 2, airway wall structure.
o
Figure 3, airway epithelium.
o
Figure 4, bronchial tree.
3
