Hormones – 80+ Q&A | Endocrine Organs, Pituitary Axis, Hypothalamic Control, Feedback Loops

This detailed question-and-answer study guide provides 80+ expertly organized Q&A focused entirely on hormones and endocrine regulation, created for BIO 202L (Human Anatomy & Physiology II Lab) for the 2025/2026 academic year. The material is crafted for undergraduate students in nursing, pre-med, allied health, biology, or physiology tracks, helping learners master hormonal pathways, target organs, and regulatory mechanisms crucial for lab practicals and lecture exams. This document covers: Pituitary hormones (GH, TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH, PRL, MSH) with origin, stimulation, feedback, and target organ effects Hypothalamic hormones (GHRH, GHIH, TRH, PRH, CRH, PIH, GnRH) and their regulatory roles on anterior pituitary function Neurohypophyseal hormones (oxytocin, ADH) with triggers like uterine stretch, orgasm, and osmoregulation Thyroid and parathyroid hormones: T3, T4, calcitonin, PTH—impacting metabolism and calcium homeostasis Adrenal cortex layers (salt-sugar-sex): functions of aldosterone, cortisol, and DHEA; adrenal medulla's catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine) in sympathetic response Pancreatic hormones: insulin and glucagon, including beta and alpha cell functions Gonadal hormones: estrogen, testosterone, HCG, and their links to reproductive cycles and feedback regulation Hormones from other organs: ANP (heart), EPO (kidneys), gastrin and secretin (digestive), leptin (adipose), and CCK (small intestine) This concise guide ensures total exam readiness with emphasis on: Hormonal origin, targets, regulation, and physiological effects Positive and negative feedback loops Endocrine axis interactions (hypothalamic-pituitary-target organ systems) High-yield recall format for lab and lecture integration Keywords: endocrine system, pituitary hormones, hypothalamic hormones, thyroid regulation, adrenal cortex, neurohypophysis, GH, ACTH, TSH, LH, FSH, PRL, oxytocin, ADH, insulin, glucagon, estrogen, cortisol, leptin, EPO, hormone feedback, hormone origin, BIO 202L