SOP 3004 Final Exam questions well
answered
Authoritarianism - ANS ✔✔tendency to submit to those having greater authority and to
denigrate those having less authority; authoritarians are strongly prejudiced against members
of minority groups, view the world in simple black-white terms, and readily submit to authority
figures
Discrimination - ANS ✔✔behaviors directed toward people on the basis of their group
membership
Disidentify - ANS ✔✔to reduce in one's mind the relevance of a particular domain (e.g.,
academic achievement) to one's self-esteem
Ingroup Bias - ANS ✔✔tendency to benefit members of one's own groups over members of
other groups
Minimal Intergroup Paradigm - ANS ✔✔an experimental procedure in which short-term,
arbitrary, artificial groups are created to explore the foundations of prejudice, stereotyping, and
discrimination; overestimator vs underestimator experimet
Perceived Outgroup Homogeneity - ANS ✔✔phenomenon of overestimating the extent to
which members within other groups are similar to each other
Prejudice - ANS ✔✔generalized attitude toward members of a social group
Realistic Group Conflict Theory - ANS ✔✔proposal that intergroup conflict, and negative
prejudices and stereotypes, emerge out of actual competition between groups for desired
,resources; people in the U.S. that live on the border don't like Mexican immigrants competing
for resources
Scapegoating - ANS ✔✔process of blaming members of other groups for one's frustrations and
failures; C.P. Ellis blaming blacks for his financial woes
Social Dominance Orientation - ANS ✔✔extent to which a person desires that his or her own
group dominate other groups and be socially and materially superior to them
Social Identity - ANS ✔✔beliefs and feelings we have toward the groups to which we see
ourselves belonging; like C.P. Ellis, whose self image was elevated when he embraced the Klan
and its white Christian heritage, many of our self images are elevated by the pride we have in
our group and ethnic backgrounds
Stereotype - ANS ✔✔generalized belief about members of social groups; beliefs that reflect
what we think members of a particular group are like; not only can stereotypes be positive or
negative, but people can also hold positive stereotypes for groups whom they are negatively
prejudice
Stereotype Threat - ANS ✔✔fear that one might confirm the negative stereotypes held by
others about one's group; also makes it more difficult for people to perform up to their
potential, especially on difficult tasks; increases arousal, meantal load, dejection, and negative
thoughts while also decreasing effort and working memory capacity
Stereotyping - ANS ✔✔process of categorizing an individual as a member of a particular group
and then inferring that he or she possesses the characteristics generally held by members of
that group
Cohesiveness - ANS ✔✔strength of the bonds among group members
Communication Network - ANS ✔✔pattern of information flow through a group
, Deindividuation - ANS ✔✔process of losing one's sense or personal identity, which makes it
easier to behave in ways inconsistent with one's normal values
Dynamical System - ANS ✔✔system (e.g., a group) made up of many interacting elements (e.g.,
people) that changes and evolves over time
Group - ANS ✔✔minimally, groups are two or more individuals who influence each other.
Collections of individuals become increasingly "grouplike," however, when their members are
interdependent and share a common identity, and when they possess structure
Groupthink - ANS ✔✔tyle of group decision making characterized by a greater desire among
members to get along and agree with one another than to generate and critically evaluate
alternative viewpoints and positions
Group Polarization - ANS ✔✔occurs when group discussion leads members to make decisions
that are more extremely on the side of the issue that the group initially favored
Minority Influence - ANS ✔✔occurs when opinion minorities persuade others of their views
Role - ANS ✔✔expectation held by the group for how members in particular positions ought to
behave; a fraternity president may be expected to set the agenda for chapter meetings and
confirm regularly with other Greek organizations, whereas a treasurer may be expected to
collect dues and balance the bank account
Social Facilitation - ANS ✔✔process through which the presence of others increases the
likelihood of dominant responses, leading to better performance on well-mastered tasks and
worse performance on unmastered tasks
Social Loafing - ANS ✔✔reducing one's personal efforts when in a group
answered
Authoritarianism - ANS ✔✔tendency to submit to those having greater authority and to
denigrate those having less authority; authoritarians are strongly prejudiced against members
of minority groups, view the world in simple black-white terms, and readily submit to authority
figures
Discrimination - ANS ✔✔behaviors directed toward people on the basis of their group
membership
Disidentify - ANS ✔✔to reduce in one's mind the relevance of a particular domain (e.g.,
academic achievement) to one's self-esteem
Ingroup Bias - ANS ✔✔tendency to benefit members of one's own groups over members of
other groups
Minimal Intergroup Paradigm - ANS ✔✔an experimental procedure in which short-term,
arbitrary, artificial groups are created to explore the foundations of prejudice, stereotyping, and
discrimination; overestimator vs underestimator experimet
Perceived Outgroup Homogeneity - ANS ✔✔phenomenon of overestimating the extent to
which members within other groups are similar to each other
Prejudice - ANS ✔✔generalized attitude toward members of a social group
Realistic Group Conflict Theory - ANS ✔✔proposal that intergroup conflict, and negative
prejudices and stereotypes, emerge out of actual competition between groups for desired
,resources; people in the U.S. that live on the border don't like Mexican immigrants competing
for resources
Scapegoating - ANS ✔✔process of blaming members of other groups for one's frustrations and
failures; C.P. Ellis blaming blacks for his financial woes
Social Dominance Orientation - ANS ✔✔extent to which a person desires that his or her own
group dominate other groups and be socially and materially superior to them
Social Identity - ANS ✔✔beliefs and feelings we have toward the groups to which we see
ourselves belonging; like C.P. Ellis, whose self image was elevated when he embraced the Klan
and its white Christian heritage, many of our self images are elevated by the pride we have in
our group and ethnic backgrounds
Stereotype - ANS ✔✔generalized belief about members of social groups; beliefs that reflect
what we think members of a particular group are like; not only can stereotypes be positive or
negative, but people can also hold positive stereotypes for groups whom they are negatively
prejudice
Stereotype Threat - ANS ✔✔fear that one might confirm the negative stereotypes held by
others about one's group; also makes it more difficult for people to perform up to their
potential, especially on difficult tasks; increases arousal, meantal load, dejection, and negative
thoughts while also decreasing effort and working memory capacity
Stereotyping - ANS ✔✔process of categorizing an individual as a member of a particular group
and then inferring that he or she possesses the characteristics generally held by members of
that group
Cohesiveness - ANS ✔✔strength of the bonds among group members
Communication Network - ANS ✔✔pattern of information flow through a group
, Deindividuation - ANS ✔✔process of losing one's sense or personal identity, which makes it
easier to behave in ways inconsistent with one's normal values
Dynamical System - ANS ✔✔system (e.g., a group) made up of many interacting elements (e.g.,
people) that changes and evolves over time
Group - ANS ✔✔minimally, groups are two or more individuals who influence each other.
Collections of individuals become increasingly "grouplike," however, when their members are
interdependent and share a common identity, and when they possess structure
Groupthink - ANS ✔✔tyle of group decision making characterized by a greater desire among
members to get along and agree with one another than to generate and critically evaluate
alternative viewpoints and positions
Group Polarization - ANS ✔✔occurs when group discussion leads members to make decisions
that are more extremely on the side of the issue that the group initially favored
Minority Influence - ANS ✔✔occurs when opinion minorities persuade others of their views
Role - ANS ✔✔expectation held by the group for how members in particular positions ought to
behave; a fraternity president may be expected to set the agenda for chapter meetings and
confirm regularly with other Greek organizations, whereas a treasurer may be expected to
collect dues and balance the bank account
Social Facilitation - ANS ✔✔process through which the presence of others increases the
likelihood of dominant responses, leading to better performance on well-mastered tasks and
worse performance on unmastered tasks
Social Loafing - ANS ✔✔reducing one's personal efforts when in a group
