PATH 1000 - MIDTERM 2 - UNIT (4-7) -
NOT DONE. EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
100% CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST
VERSION 2025/2026.
Pain - ANS "unpleasant sensory & emotional experience associated with actual or potential
tissue damage or described in terms of such damage"
Pain perception - ANS conscious awareness of a painful sensation
Pain tolerance - ANS the duration of time or the intensity of pain an individual will endure
before displaying noticeable pain responses (maximum amount of pain)
Pain threshold - ANS minimum point at which something, such as pressure or heat, causes
you pain.
Nociceptive pain - ANS caused by tissue injury, well-localized and often described as aching
or throbbing
Pain tolerance decreased - ANS repeated exposure, also decreased by fatigue, anger,
boredom, apprehension and sleep deprivation
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,Pain tolerance increased by - ANS alcohol consumption, persistent use of analgesia, hypnosis,
warmth, distraction and strong beliefs or faith
Neuromodulation - ANS physiologic process to facilitate or suppress pain
Acute pain - ANS a protective mechanism (its function is to alert the person to a condition or
experience that is harmful)
Chronic pain - ANS pain that has been present for at least 3 months or longer than the time
expected tissue healing
Acute somatic pain - ANS arises from connective tissue, muscle, bone, & tissue
Acute Visceral pain - ANS pain arises from the internal organs & lining of body cavities. Pain is
poorly localized as a result of the fewer number of nociceptors
Depression - ANS common for chronic pain
Specific or nonspecific back pain - ANS many individuals of all ages have chronic back pain
Myofascial pain syndrome - ANS injury to the muscle & fascia & tendons has occurred (ex.
spasm, tenderness, stiffness)
Chronic postoperative pain - ANS changes in the PNS & CNS contribute to allodynia &
hypersensitivity
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,Cancer pain - ANS pain results from the treatment for cancer or from the cancer itself.
Phantom limb chronic pain - ANS pain is felt in an amputated limb after the stump has
completely healed
Neuralgia - ANS chronic nerve pain
Peripheral neuropathic pain - ANS injured nerves become hyperexcitable
Central neuropathic pain - ANS is caused by a lesion or dysfunction in the brain or spinal cord
Temperature regulation - ANS achieved by balancing (heat production, heat conservation,
and heat loss)
Hypothalamic Control - ANS peripheral thermoreceptors in the skin
Hypothalamus - ANS receives information
Heat production - ANS chemical reactions of metabolism, skeletal contraction, and chemical
thermogenesis
Mechanisms of Heat loss - ANS radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation, increased
respiration, vasodilation, decreased muscle tone, voluntary measure, adaptation to warm
environment
Convection - ANS when a stream of air (wind) is cooler than body surface temp
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, Aging and temp - ANS decreased vasoconstrictor response, decreased or absent sweating,
dyschronization or circadian rhythm, under nutrition, decreased perception of heat and cold
Fever - ANS "a temporary resetting of the hypothalamic thermostat to a higher level in
response to endogenous or exogenous pyrogens"
Benefits of fever - ANS helps the response to infectious processes, it helps kill
microorganisms, adversely affects the growth & replication of other microorganisms, decrease
serum levels or iron, zinc, & copper
Heat cramps - ANS severe spasmodic cramps in the abdomen & extremities that occur after
prolonged sweating resulting in sodium lost (fever, tachycardia & increased bp often occur)
Heat exhaustion - ANS leading to profound vasodilation & sweating --> leads to dehydration
(feel weak, dizzy, nauseated, & faint)
Heat stroke - ANS the potentially lethal, the cardiovascular & thermoregulatory centers
eventually stop functioning properly
Hypothermia - ANS (<35C°) caused by prolonged exposure to cold, leads to vasoconstriction,
changes in microcirculation, coagulation & ischemic tissue damage
Sleep - ANS a condition of body and mind such as that which typically recurs for several hours
every night, in which the nervous system is relatively inactive, the eyes closed, the postural
muscles relaxed, and consciousness practically suspended.
Why do we need to sleep? - ANS recovery
4 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
NOT DONE. EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
100% CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST
VERSION 2025/2026.
Pain - ANS "unpleasant sensory & emotional experience associated with actual or potential
tissue damage or described in terms of such damage"
Pain perception - ANS conscious awareness of a painful sensation
Pain tolerance - ANS the duration of time or the intensity of pain an individual will endure
before displaying noticeable pain responses (maximum amount of pain)
Pain threshold - ANS minimum point at which something, such as pressure or heat, causes
you pain.
Nociceptive pain - ANS caused by tissue injury, well-localized and often described as aching
or throbbing
Pain tolerance decreased - ANS repeated exposure, also decreased by fatigue, anger,
boredom, apprehension and sleep deprivation
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,Pain tolerance increased by - ANS alcohol consumption, persistent use of analgesia, hypnosis,
warmth, distraction and strong beliefs or faith
Neuromodulation - ANS physiologic process to facilitate or suppress pain
Acute pain - ANS a protective mechanism (its function is to alert the person to a condition or
experience that is harmful)
Chronic pain - ANS pain that has been present for at least 3 months or longer than the time
expected tissue healing
Acute somatic pain - ANS arises from connective tissue, muscle, bone, & tissue
Acute Visceral pain - ANS pain arises from the internal organs & lining of body cavities. Pain is
poorly localized as a result of the fewer number of nociceptors
Depression - ANS common for chronic pain
Specific or nonspecific back pain - ANS many individuals of all ages have chronic back pain
Myofascial pain syndrome - ANS injury to the muscle & fascia & tendons has occurred (ex.
spasm, tenderness, stiffness)
Chronic postoperative pain - ANS changes in the PNS & CNS contribute to allodynia &
hypersensitivity
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,Cancer pain - ANS pain results from the treatment for cancer or from the cancer itself.
Phantom limb chronic pain - ANS pain is felt in an amputated limb after the stump has
completely healed
Neuralgia - ANS chronic nerve pain
Peripheral neuropathic pain - ANS injured nerves become hyperexcitable
Central neuropathic pain - ANS is caused by a lesion or dysfunction in the brain or spinal cord
Temperature regulation - ANS achieved by balancing (heat production, heat conservation,
and heat loss)
Hypothalamic Control - ANS peripheral thermoreceptors in the skin
Hypothalamus - ANS receives information
Heat production - ANS chemical reactions of metabolism, skeletal contraction, and chemical
thermogenesis
Mechanisms of Heat loss - ANS radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation, increased
respiration, vasodilation, decreased muscle tone, voluntary measure, adaptation to warm
environment
Convection - ANS when a stream of air (wind) is cooler than body surface temp
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, Aging and temp - ANS decreased vasoconstrictor response, decreased or absent sweating,
dyschronization or circadian rhythm, under nutrition, decreased perception of heat and cold
Fever - ANS "a temporary resetting of the hypothalamic thermostat to a higher level in
response to endogenous or exogenous pyrogens"
Benefits of fever - ANS helps the response to infectious processes, it helps kill
microorganisms, adversely affects the growth & replication of other microorganisms, decrease
serum levels or iron, zinc, & copper
Heat cramps - ANS severe spasmodic cramps in the abdomen & extremities that occur after
prolonged sweating resulting in sodium lost (fever, tachycardia & increased bp often occur)
Heat exhaustion - ANS leading to profound vasodilation & sweating --> leads to dehydration
(feel weak, dizzy, nauseated, & faint)
Heat stroke - ANS the potentially lethal, the cardiovascular & thermoregulatory centers
eventually stop functioning properly
Hypothermia - ANS (<35C°) caused by prolonged exposure to cold, leads to vasoconstriction,
changes in microcirculation, coagulation & ischemic tissue damage
Sleep - ANS a condition of body and mind such as that which typically recurs for several hours
every night, in which the nervous system is relatively inactive, the eyes closed, the postural
muscles relaxed, and consciousness practically suspended.
Why do we need to sleep? - ANS recovery
4 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
