URR ADULT ECHO EXAM WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS GRADED A+
The vRCA vsupplies vblood vto vwhat? v- vCORRECT✅✅Both vatria, vthe vatrial vseptum,
vthe vright vventricular vfree vwall, vthe vright vventricular vapex, vand vthe vPOSTERIOR
vMEDIAL vPAPILLARY vMUSCLE
The vPDA vsupplies vblood vto vwhat? v- vCORRECT✅✅inferior vventricular vseptum vand
vinferior vwall vof vthe vLV
Define v"right vdominant" vcirculation v- vCORRECT✅✅In v80% vof vindividuals, vthe
vPDA voriginates vfrom vthe vRCA
Define v"left vdominant" vcirculation v- vCORRECT✅✅In v20% vof vindividuals, vthe vPDA
voriginates vfrom vthe vLCX
What vdoes vthe vLCA vdivide vinto? v- vCORRECT✅✅Lt vanterior vdescending v(LAD)
vand vleft vcircumflex v(LCX) v@ vatrioventricular vgroove
What vdoes vthe vLAD vsupply? v- vCORRECT✅✅Anterior vseptal vwall v(septal
vbranches), vanterior vwall vof vLV v(diagonal vbranches), vand vleft vventricular vapex
What vdoes vthe vLCX vsupply? v- vCORRECT✅✅Inferior vlateral vand vanterior vlateral
vwalls vof vLV v(obtuse vmarginal vbranches)
Which vlayer vof vthe vcardiac vwall vconsists vof v2 vthin vlayers vof vepithelial vcells? v-
vCORRECT✅✅Endocardium
What vis vthe vmuscular vlayer vof vthe vheart vwall? v- vCORRECT✅✅Myocardium
Which vlayer vof vthe vheart vis vconnective vtissue vcovered vby va vlayer vof vepithelial vcells
vand vis vthe vinner vserous vlayer? v- vCORRECT✅✅Epicardium vAKA vvisceral
vpericardium
Which vlayer vof vthe vheart vcompletely vsurround vthe vheart vwithin vthe vchest vand
vreduces vfriction? v- vCORRECT✅✅Pericardium
Where vdoes vthe vanatomic voutflow vtract vof vthe vLV vextend vfrom? v-
vCORRECT✅✅Inner vedge vof vIV vseptum vto vleading vedge vof vanterior vmitral vleaflet
,What vdoes vthe vfunctional voutflow vtract vof vthe vLV vrefer vto? v- vCORRECT✅✅Area
vbetween vseptal vwall vto vanterior vaortic vannulus vand vfrom vanterior vmitral vleaflet vto
vposterior vaortic vannulus
LV vdiastolic vpressure vequates vto? v- vCORRECT✅✅Mean vLA vpressure
How vmany vpapillary vmuscles vare vin vthe vLV? v- vCORRECT✅✅2; vanterior vlateral
vand vposterior vmedial
What vis vthe vaverage vemptying vvelocity vduring vatrial vcontraction vof vthe vLA
vappendage? v- vCORRECT✅✅>50 vcm/s v(PW vTEE)
Velocities vless vthan vwhat vin vthe vLA vappendage vduring vatrial vcontraction vcan
vindicate vincreased vrisk vof vthrombus vformation? v- vCORRECT✅✅< v20 vcm/s
Define vcrista vterminalis v- vCORRECT✅✅Muscular vinternal vridge vthat vseparates
vRA vinto v2 vportions vand vextends vvertically vfrom vIVC vto vSVC
Define vsulcus vterminalis v- vCORRECT✅✅External vridge vof vtissue vcorresponding vto
vthe vinternal vcrista vterminalis
What vpart vof vthe vIV vseptum vis vat vincreased vrisk vfor vsinus vof vvalsalva vaneurysm? v-
vCORRECT✅✅Short vmembranous vsegment vsuperior vto vright vaortic vcusp
Which vventricle vdoes vthe vIV vseptum vusually vbow vtoward vand vwhy? v-
vCORRECT✅✅RV vdue vto vincreased vLV vpressures
What vis vthe vonly vartery vin vthe vbody vthat vcarries vdeoxygenated vblood? v-
vCORRECT✅✅Pulmonary vartery
The vmajority vof vpulmonary vvenous vflow vinto vthe vLA voccurs vwhen? v-
vCORRECT✅✅During vearly vsystole vas vthe vatrium vrefills vwith vblood
What vare vthe vonly vveins vin vthe vbody vthat vcarry voxygenated vblood? v-
vCORRECT✅✅Pulmonary vveins v(4)
What vare vthe v4 vstages vof vventricular vdiastole? v- vCORRECT✅✅1- vIsovolumic
vrelaxation vperiod
2-rapid vfilling vperiod v(70% vblood vejected)
3-diastasis
4-atrial vcontraction v(30% vblood vejected)
Ventricular vdiastole vis vdefined vas: v- vCORRECT✅✅From vaortic vvalve vclosure vto
vmitral vvalve vclosure, vbegins vat vend vof vT vwave
, Ventricular vsystole vis vdefined vas: v- vCORRECT✅✅From vmitral vvalve vclosure vto
vaortic vvalve vclosure, vbegins vwith vthe vonset vof vQRS vcomplex
What vare vthe v3 vstages vof vventricular vsystole? v- vCORRECT✅✅1-Isovolumic
vcontraction vperiod
2-Rapid vejection vphase
3- vReduced vejection vphase
Define vprotodiastole v- vCORRECT✅✅Brief vinterval vwhen vventricular vejection vstops
vbut vaortic vand vpulmonic vvalves vare vstill vopen
A vnormal vvalve vwill vopen vwhen vhow vbig vof va vpressure vgradient vis vpresent? v-
vCORRECT✅✅4mmHg
(1m/s vaortic vvelocity v= v4mmHg vpressure vgradient vbetween vLV vand vAo.....stenotic v=
vgreater vgradient)
When vdo vMV vand vTV vvalves vopen, vwith vrespect vto vpressure vgradients? v-
vCORRECT✅✅When vatrial vpressures vexceed vventricular vpressures vat vonset vof
vdiastole
When vdo vsemilunar vvalves vopen, vwith vrespect vto vpressure vgradients? v-
vCORRECT✅✅When vventricular vpressures vexceed vthose vin vAo/pulmonary vartery,
vin vrapid vejection vphase
Define vFrank-Starling vLaw: v- vCORRECT✅✅Demonstrates vthe vrelationship
vbetween vvenous vreturn vand vstroke vvolume, vincreased vvenous vreturn vwill vcause
vincreased vstroke vvolume
What vis vthe vaverage vstroke vvolume? v- vCORRECT✅✅70-100 vcc/ vbeat
Stroke vvolume vvs vcardiac voutput v- vCORRECT✅✅Stroke vvolume-amount vof vblood
vpumped vout vof vthe vheart vwith veach vbeat(area vX vLVOT vVTI)
Cardiac voutput-amount vof vblood vpumped vout vof vthe vheart veach vminute(SV vX vHR
vor varea vX vLVOT vVTI vX vHR)
What vis vthe vnormal vrange vof vcardiac voutput? v- vCORRECT✅✅4-8 vliters/min
How vcan vyou vcalculate vcardiac vindex? v- vCORRECT✅✅Cardiac voutput/body
vsurface varea
Units:liters/min/meters vsquared
How vcan vyou vcalculate vEF? v- vCORRECT✅✅EDV-ESV/EDV
What vis vthe vpurpose vof vthe vSA/sinoatrial vnode? v- vCORRECT✅✅Discharges
velectrical vcurrents vto vinitiate vcardiac vchamber vcontraction
ANSWERS GRADED A+
The vRCA vsupplies vblood vto vwhat? v- vCORRECT✅✅Both vatria, vthe vatrial vseptum,
vthe vright vventricular vfree vwall, vthe vright vventricular vapex, vand vthe vPOSTERIOR
vMEDIAL vPAPILLARY vMUSCLE
The vPDA vsupplies vblood vto vwhat? v- vCORRECT✅✅inferior vventricular vseptum vand
vinferior vwall vof vthe vLV
Define v"right vdominant" vcirculation v- vCORRECT✅✅In v80% vof vindividuals, vthe
vPDA voriginates vfrom vthe vRCA
Define v"left vdominant" vcirculation v- vCORRECT✅✅In v20% vof vindividuals, vthe vPDA
voriginates vfrom vthe vLCX
What vdoes vthe vLCA vdivide vinto? v- vCORRECT✅✅Lt vanterior vdescending v(LAD)
vand vleft vcircumflex v(LCX) v@ vatrioventricular vgroove
What vdoes vthe vLAD vsupply? v- vCORRECT✅✅Anterior vseptal vwall v(septal
vbranches), vanterior vwall vof vLV v(diagonal vbranches), vand vleft vventricular vapex
What vdoes vthe vLCX vsupply? v- vCORRECT✅✅Inferior vlateral vand vanterior vlateral
vwalls vof vLV v(obtuse vmarginal vbranches)
Which vlayer vof vthe vcardiac vwall vconsists vof v2 vthin vlayers vof vepithelial vcells? v-
vCORRECT✅✅Endocardium
What vis vthe vmuscular vlayer vof vthe vheart vwall? v- vCORRECT✅✅Myocardium
Which vlayer vof vthe vheart vis vconnective vtissue vcovered vby va vlayer vof vepithelial vcells
vand vis vthe vinner vserous vlayer? v- vCORRECT✅✅Epicardium vAKA vvisceral
vpericardium
Which vlayer vof vthe vheart vcompletely vsurround vthe vheart vwithin vthe vchest vand
vreduces vfriction? v- vCORRECT✅✅Pericardium
Where vdoes vthe vanatomic voutflow vtract vof vthe vLV vextend vfrom? v-
vCORRECT✅✅Inner vedge vof vIV vseptum vto vleading vedge vof vanterior vmitral vleaflet
,What vdoes vthe vfunctional voutflow vtract vof vthe vLV vrefer vto? v- vCORRECT✅✅Area
vbetween vseptal vwall vto vanterior vaortic vannulus vand vfrom vanterior vmitral vleaflet vto
vposterior vaortic vannulus
LV vdiastolic vpressure vequates vto? v- vCORRECT✅✅Mean vLA vpressure
How vmany vpapillary vmuscles vare vin vthe vLV? v- vCORRECT✅✅2; vanterior vlateral
vand vposterior vmedial
What vis vthe vaverage vemptying vvelocity vduring vatrial vcontraction vof vthe vLA
vappendage? v- vCORRECT✅✅>50 vcm/s v(PW vTEE)
Velocities vless vthan vwhat vin vthe vLA vappendage vduring vatrial vcontraction vcan
vindicate vincreased vrisk vof vthrombus vformation? v- vCORRECT✅✅< v20 vcm/s
Define vcrista vterminalis v- vCORRECT✅✅Muscular vinternal vridge vthat vseparates
vRA vinto v2 vportions vand vextends vvertically vfrom vIVC vto vSVC
Define vsulcus vterminalis v- vCORRECT✅✅External vridge vof vtissue vcorresponding vto
vthe vinternal vcrista vterminalis
What vpart vof vthe vIV vseptum vis vat vincreased vrisk vfor vsinus vof vvalsalva vaneurysm? v-
vCORRECT✅✅Short vmembranous vsegment vsuperior vto vright vaortic vcusp
Which vventricle vdoes vthe vIV vseptum vusually vbow vtoward vand vwhy? v-
vCORRECT✅✅RV vdue vto vincreased vLV vpressures
What vis vthe vonly vartery vin vthe vbody vthat vcarries vdeoxygenated vblood? v-
vCORRECT✅✅Pulmonary vartery
The vmajority vof vpulmonary vvenous vflow vinto vthe vLA voccurs vwhen? v-
vCORRECT✅✅During vearly vsystole vas vthe vatrium vrefills vwith vblood
What vare vthe vonly vveins vin vthe vbody vthat vcarry voxygenated vblood? v-
vCORRECT✅✅Pulmonary vveins v(4)
What vare vthe v4 vstages vof vventricular vdiastole? v- vCORRECT✅✅1- vIsovolumic
vrelaxation vperiod
2-rapid vfilling vperiod v(70% vblood vejected)
3-diastasis
4-atrial vcontraction v(30% vblood vejected)
Ventricular vdiastole vis vdefined vas: v- vCORRECT✅✅From vaortic vvalve vclosure vto
vmitral vvalve vclosure, vbegins vat vend vof vT vwave
, Ventricular vsystole vis vdefined vas: v- vCORRECT✅✅From vmitral vvalve vclosure vto
vaortic vvalve vclosure, vbegins vwith vthe vonset vof vQRS vcomplex
What vare vthe v3 vstages vof vventricular vsystole? v- vCORRECT✅✅1-Isovolumic
vcontraction vperiod
2-Rapid vejection vphase
3- vReduced vejection vphase
Define vprotodiastole v- vCORRECT✅✅Brief vinterval vwhen vventricular vejection vstops
vbut vaortic vand vpulmonic vvalves vare vstill vopen
A vnormal vvalve vwill vopen vwhen vhow vbig vof va vpressure vgradient vis vpresent? v-
vCORRECT✅✅4mmHg
(1m/s vaortic vvelocity v= v4mmHg vpressure vgradient vbetween vLV vand vAo.....stenotic v=
vgreater vgradient)
When vdo vMV vand vTV vvalves vopen, vwith vrespect vto vpressure vgradients? v-
vCORRECT✅✅When vatrial vpressures vexceed vventricular vpressures vat vonset vof
vdiastole
When vdo vsemilunar vvalves vopen, vwith vrespect vto vpressure vgradients? v-
vCORRECT✅✅When vventricular vpressures vexceed vthose vin vAo/pulmonary vartery,
vin vrapid vejection vphase
Define vFrank-Starling vLaw: v- vCORRECT✅✅Demonstrates vthe vrelationship
vbetween vvenous vreturn vand vstroke vvolume, vincreased vvenous vreturn vwill vcause
vincreased vstroke vvolume
What vis vthe vaverage vstroke vvolume? v- vCORRECT✅✅70-100 vcc/ vbeat
Stroke vvolume vvs vcardiac voutput v- vCORRECT✅✅Stroke vvolume-amount vof vblood
vpumped vout vof vthe vheart vwith veach vbeat(area vX vLVOT vVTI)
Cardiac voutput-amount vof vblood vpumped vout vof vthe vheart veach vminute(SV vX vHR
vor varea vX vLVOT vVTI vX vHR)
What vis vthe vnormal vrange vof vcardiac voutput? v- vCORRECT✅✅4-8 vliters/min
How vcan vyou vcalculate vcardiac vindex? v- vCORRECT✅✅Cardiac voutput/body
vsurface varea
Units:liters/min/meters vsquared
How vcan vyou vcalculate vEF? v- vCORRECT✅✅EDV-ESV/EDV
What vis vthe vpurpose vof vthe vSA/sinoatrial vnode? v- vCORRECT✅✅Discharges
velectrical vcurrents vto vinitiate vcardiac vchamber vcontraction
