BIOL 325 EXAM 2 SDSU STUDY GUIDE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS | NEW UPDATE 2026
Amino acid based - ANSWERS tyrinosine - epi, norepi, dopamine
made by protein synthesis
(transcripton, translation, RER)
stored in vesicles
exocytosed
water soluble
T3 & T4 made like AAH but treated like steroids
short lived in blood stream
detected by surface receptors
nanomolar concentrations
Steroids (LONG DESCRIPTION) - ANSWERS Adrenal cortex
aldosterone, cortisol, androgens
Gonads
testosterone, estrogen, progesterone.
made smooth ER
not stored - made on demand
simple diffusion - through lipid membranes
attached to blood proteins for transport
,albumin, globulin
long life - proteins attached to are made in liver
and kidney does not filter proteins
detected intracellularly - cytosolic protein ____receptoprs, or in nucleus
picomolar
AAB and steroid exceptions - ANSWERS T3 & T4 stored outside of cell for long
periods of time, pass through membranes by simple diffusion
Amino acid hormone receptors - ANSWERS often require G protein and g-
coupled protein receptor
Determining signal strength - ANSWERS -amount released
-rate of breakdown
-# of receptors
Primary pathology - ANSWERS ex. damage to ant. pituitary
Secondary pathology - ANSWERS ex. damage to hypothalamus
Control of hormonal release - ANSWERS majority of hormonal signals come
from neural cells
Nernst Equation - ANSWERS electrical value at which voltage will offset charge
movement
, Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz Equation - ANSWERS Determines membrane potential
Depolarization - ANSWERS turning the cell on
becomes less negative
-increases cytosolic Ca2+
-exocytosis of neurotransmitters
-exocytosis of AAB hormones
-contraction of muscle
Role of potassium - ANSWERS keeps membrane potential @ rest
-open @ rest
Hyperpolarization - ANSWERS turning the cell off
Lipids are.... - ANSWERS electrical insulators - block electricity from crossing
memebrane
Na/K pump - ANSWERS 3 Na out / 2 K in
-makes cell more negative
-extremely slow
*one ion channel allows 1000x more ions through per second than one pump
Endocrine - Hormonal - ANSWERS form of long distance signaling
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS | NEW UPDATE 2026
Amino acid based - ANSWERS tyrinosine - epi, norepi, dopamine
made by protein synthesis
(transcripton, translation, RER)
stored in vesicles
exocytosed
water soluble
T3 & T4 made like AAH but treated like steroids
short lived in blood stream
detected by surface receptors
nanomolar concentrations
Steroids (LONG DESCRIPTION) - ANSWERS Adrenal cortex
aldosterone, cortisol, androgens
Gonads
testosterone, estrogen, progesterone.
made smooth ER
not stored - made on demand
simple diffusion - through lipid membranes
attached to blood proteins for transport
,albumin, globulin
long life - proteins attached to are made in liver
and kidney does not filter proteins
detected intracellularly - cytosolic protein ____receptoprs, or in nucleus
picomolar
AAB and steroid exceptions - ANSWERS T3 & T4 stored outside of cell for long
periods of time, pass through membranes by simple diffusion
Amino acid hormone receptors - ANSWERS often require G protein and g-
coupled protein receptor
Determining signal strength - ANSWERS -amount released
-rate of breakdown
-# of receptors
Primary pathology - ANSWERS ex. damage to ant. pituitary
Secondary pathology - ANSWERS ex. damage to hypothalamus
Control of hormonal release - ANSWERS majority of hormonal signals come
from neural cells
Nernst Equation - ANSWERS electrical value at which voltage will offset charge
movement
, Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz Equation - ANSWERS Determines membrane potential
Depolarization - ANSWERS turning the cell on
becomes less negative
-increases cytosolic Ca2+
-exocytosis of neurotransmitters
-exocytosis of AAB hormones
-contraction of muscle
Role of potassium - ANSWERS keeps membrane potential @ rest
-open @ rest
Hyperpolarization - ANSWERS turning the cell off
Lipids are.... - ANSWERS electrical insulators - block electricity from crossing
memebrane
Na/K pump - ANSWERS 3 Na out / 2 K in
-makes cell more negative
-extremely slow
*one ion channel allows 1000x more ions through per second than one pump
Endocrine - Hormonal - ANSWERS form of long distance signaling
