1
WCU PHYS 261 Final Review | Questions and
Correct Answers with Complete Solutions |
New Version 2026
1. What are cytokines? - ANSWER chemicals released by the WBCs that
affect growth and activity of other WBCs
2. What is the function of WBCs? - ANSWER to defend us against microbes
and diseases due to abnormal cells
3. What are the characteristics of basophils? - ANSWER rare, blue-colored
granules that contain histamine and heparin, in charge of allergic reactions
and protects against parasites
4. What are the characteristics of eosinophils? - ANSWER blue-colored
granules, in charge of allergic reactions and protects against parasites, their
chemicals are toxic to other cells
5. What are the characteristics of neutrophils? - ANSWER non-stained
granules, the most abundant leukocyte, the first to combat infection, protect
against bacteria
6. What are the characteristics of monocytes and macrophages? - ANSWER
monocyte: found in blood, and once it enters a tissue, it becomes an
"antigen-presenting cell"
7. macrophage: a phagocyte that ingests foreign pathogens
8. What are the characteristics of a dendritic cell and lymphocytes? -
ANSWER dendritic cell: found in tissues and a type of "antigen-presenting
cell"
9. lymphocytes: 3 types(T cells, B cells, NK cells)
10.What are the characteristics of a natural killer cell? - ANSWER destroys
cancer and virus cells, part of the innate immune system, releases interferons
11.What are the 2 types of respiration? - ANSWER internal respiration and
external respiration
, 2
12.In which direction does air flow due to pressure differences? - ANSWER
from a high area to a low area
13.What is internal respiration? - ANSWER Gas exchange that occurs between
the aleveoli and RBCs, and between the RBCs and tissue
14.What is external respiration? - ANSWER air movement between the lungs
and the atmosphere
15.Pulse pressure is defined as: - ANSWER systolic pressure - diastolic
pressure
16.What results when systemic blood pressure is increased? - ANSWER
Vasoconstriction
17.An erroneously low blood pressure measurement may be caused by: -
ANSWER positioning the arm above the heart level
18.Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors block the: - ANSWER
conversion of Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II
19.Which finding is indicative of Orthostatic Hypotension in a person with a
supine blood pressure (BP) of 110/70 and a heart rate (HR) of 100? -
ANSWER sitting BP 88/60, HR 118
20.A middle-aged patient has a follow up visit for a recorded blood pressure of
162/96 mm Hg taken 3 weeks ago. The patient has no significant past
medical history and takes no medications, but smokes 1 1/2 packs of
cigarettes per day, drinks alcohol regularly, and exercises infrequently. The
patient is about 40 lbs. overweight and admits to a high-fat, high-calorie
diet. At the office visit today, the patient's blood pressure is 150/92 mm Hg.
What is the least appropriate intervention for this patient at this time? -
ANSWER Begin anti-hypertensive drug therapy
21.After being diagnosed with Hypertension, a patient returns to the clinic 6
weeks later. The patient reports "moderate" adherence to the recommended
lifestyle changes and has experienced a decreased from 165/96 mm Hg to
148/90 mm Hg in blood pressure. What is the most appropriate intervention
for this patient at this time? - ANSWER Continue lifestyle modifications
only
, 3
22.High blood pressure increases the workload of the Left Ventricle, because it
increases: - ANSWER Afterload
23.Which blood pressure reading is considered to be indicative of pre-
hypertension according to the JNC-7 criteria? - ANSWER 128/82
24.Restriction of which electrolytes is recommended in the management of high
blood pressure? - ANSWER Sodium
25.Hypertension with a specific, identifiable cause is known as _________
hypertension: - ANSWER Secondary
26.Critically ill patients may have parenterally administered vasoactive drugs
that are adjusted according to their _____ pressure - ANSWER Mean
Arterial
27.The prevalence of high blood pressure is higher in: - ANSWER non-hispanic
black adults
28.Hypertension is closely linked to - ANSWER obstructive sleep apnea
29.A patient presents to the emergency department with a diastolic blood
pressure of 132 mm Hg, retinopathy, and symptoms of an ischemic stroke.
This symptomology is likely the result of: - ANSWER Hypertensive Crisis
30.A patient has a history of falls, syncope, dizziness, and blurred vision. The
patient's symptomology is most likely related to: - ANSWER Hypotension
31.It can be explained to a patient that high blood pressure increases the risk of
(select all that apply.)
a. stroke
b. renal disease
c. diabetes
d. ischemic heart disease
e. liver disease - ANSWER a. stroke
b. renal disease
d. ischemic heart disease
32.Atherosclerosis puts a patient at risk for (select all that apply)
, 4
a. ischemic stroke
b. hemorrhagic stroke
c. retinal injury
d. renal impairment
e. liver disease - ANSWER a. ischemic stroke
c. retinal injury
d. renal impairment
33.Blood Pressure is regulated on a short-term basis through (select all that
apply)
a. interaction of carotid and aortic baroreceptors
b. vasomotor center in the brainstem
c. activation of SNS
d. inhibition of PSNS
e. activation of RAAS - ANSWER a. interaction of carotid and aortic
baroreceptors
b. vasomotor center in the brainstem
c. activation of SNS
d. inhibition of PSNS
34.Orthostatic hypotension is a risk factor for (select all that apply)
a. stroke
b. cognitive impairment
c. death
d. myocardial infarction
e. urinary retention - ANSWER a. stroke
b. cognitive impairment
c. death
35._________ damage is a function of both the stage of hypertension and its
duration: - ANSWER End-organ
36.the most commonly recognized outcome of hypertension is ____________. -
ANSWER Cardiovascular disease
37.The ingestion of certain drugs, foods, or chemicals can lead to ________. -
ANSWER secondary hypertension
38.The most reliable indicator that a person is experiencing an acute myocardial
infarction (MI) is: - ANSWER ST-segment elevation
WCU PHYS 261 Final Review | Questions and
Correct Answers with Complete Solutions |
New Version 2026
1. What are cytokines? - ANSWER chemicals released by the WBCs that
affect growth and activity of other WBCs
2. What is the function of WBCs? - ANSWER to defend us against microbes
and diseases due to abnormal cells
3. What are the characteristics of basophils? - ANSWER rare, blue-colored
granules that contain histamine and heparin, in charge of allergic reactions
and protects against parasites
4. What are the characteristics of eosinophils? - ANSWER blue-colored
granules, in charge of allergic reactions and protects against parasites, their
chemicals are toxic to other cells
5. What are the characteristics of neutrophils? - ANSWER non-stained
granules, the most abundant leukocyte, the first to combat infection, protect
against bacteria
6. What are the characteristics of monocytes and macrophages? - ANSWER
monocyte: found in blood, and once it enters a tissue, it becomes an
"antigen-presenting cell"
7. macrophage: a phagocyte that ingests foreign pathogens
8. What are the characteristics of a dendritic cell and lymphocytes? -
ANSWER dendritic cell: found in tissues and a type of "antigen-presenting
cell"
9. lymphocytes: 3 types(T cells, B cells, NK cells)
10.What are the characteristics of a natural killer cell? - ANSWER destroys
cancer and virus cells, part of the innate immune system, releases interferons
11.What are the 2 types of respiration? - ANSWER internal respiration and
external respiration
, 2
12.In which direction does air flow due to pressure differences? - ANSWER
from a high area to a low area
13.What is internal respiration? - ANSWER Gas exchange that occurs between
the aleveoli and RBCs, and between the RBCs and tissue
14.What is external respiration? - ANSWER air movement between the lungs
and the atmosphere
15.Pulse pressure is defined as: - ANSWER systolic pressure - diastolic
pressure
16.What results when systemic blood pressure is increased? - ANSWER
Vasoconstriction
17.An erroneously low blood pressure measurement may be caused by: -
ANSWER positioning the arm above the heart level
18.Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors block the: - ANSWER
conversion of Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II
19.Which finding is indicative of Orthostatic Hypotension in a person with a
supine blood pressure (BP) of 110/70 and a heart rate (HR) of 100? -
ANSWER sitting BP 88/60, HR 118
20.A middle-aged patient has a follow up visit for a recorded blood pressure of
162/96 mm Hg taken 3 weeks ago. The patient has no significant past
medical history and takes no medications, but smokes 1 1/2 packs of
cigarettes per day, drinks alcohol regularly, and exercises infrequently. The
patient is about 40 lbs. overweight and admits to a high-fat, high-calorie
diet. At the office visit today, the patient's blood pressure is 150/92 mm Hg.
What is the least appropriate intervention for this patient at this time? -
ANSWER Begin anti-hypertensive drug therapy
21.After being diagnosed with Hypertension, a patient returns to the clinic 6
weeks later. The patient reports "moderate" adherence to the recommended
lifestyle changes and has experienced a decreased from 165/96 mm Hg to
148/90 mm Hg in blood pressure. What is the most appropriate intervention
for this patient at this time? - ANSWER Continue lifestyle modifications
only
, 3
22.High blood pressure increases the workload of the Left Ventricle, because it
increases: - ANSWER Afterload
23.Which blood pressure reading is considered to be indicative of pre-
hypertension according to the JNC-7 criteria? - ANSWER 128/82
24.Restriction of which electrolytes is recommended in the management of high
blood pressure? - ANSWER Sodium
25.Hypertension with a specific, identifiable cause is known as _________
hypertension: - ANSWER Secondary
26.Critically ill patients may have parenterally administered vasoactive drugs
that are adjusted according to their _____ pressure - ANSWER Mean
Arterial
27.The prevalence of high blood pressure is higher in: - ANSWER non-hispanic
black adults
28.Hypertension is closely linked to - ANSWER obstructive sleep apnea
29.A patient presents to the emergency department with a diastolic blood
pressure of 132 mm Hg, retinopathy, and symptoms of an ischemic stroke.
This symptomology is likely the result of: - ANSWER Hypertensive Crisis
30.A patient has a history of falls, syncope, dizziness, and blurred vision. The
patient's symptomology is most likely related to: - ANSWER Hypotension
31.It can be explained to a patient that high blood pressure increases the risk of
(select all that apply.)
a. stroke
b. renal disease
c. diabetes
d. ischemic heart disease
e. liver disease - ANSWER a. stroke
b. renal disease
d. ischemic heart disease
32.Atherosclerosis puts a patient at risk for (select all that apply)
, 4
a. ischemic stroke
b. hemorrhagic stroke
c. retinal injury
d. renal impairment
e. liver disease - ANSWER a. ischemic stroke
c. retinal injury
d. renal impairment
33.Blood Pressure is regulated on a short-term basis through (select all that
apply)
a. interaction of carotid and aortic baroreceptors
b. vasomotor center in the brainstem
c. activation of SNS
d. inhibition of PSNS
e. activation of RAAS - ANSWER a. interaction of carotid and aortic
baroreceptors
b. vasomotor center in the brainstem
c. activation of SNS
d. inhibition of PSNS
34.Orthostatic hypotension is a risk factor for (select all that apply)
a. stroke
b. cognitive impairment
c. death
d. myocardial infarction
e. urinary retention - ANSWER a. stroke
b. cognitive impairment
c. death
35._________ damage is a function of both the stage of hypertension and its
duration: - ANSWER End-organ
36.the most commonly recognized outcome of hypertension is ____________. -
ANSWER Cardiovascular disease
37.The ingestion of certain drugs, foods, or chemicals can lead to ________. -
ANSWER secondary hypertension
38.The most reliable indicator that a person is experiencing an acute myocardial
infarction (MI) is: - ANSWER ST-segment elevation
