BIOL 325 INTRO TO ANIMAL LOCOMOTION STUDY
GUIDE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
(VERIFIED ANSWERS) | NEW VERSION 2026
Reasons for evolution of flight - ANSWERS Escape predators
Catch prey
Move from place to place
Free hind legs for use as weapons
Gain access to new niche
Convergent Evolution - ANSWERS the independent evolution of similar
features in different lineages
Lift - ANSWERS Pressure differential caused by asymmetries in the flow (L =
1/2pSV^2CL)
Lift Coefficient (CL) affected by... - ANSWERS Angle of Attack
Camber
Aspect Ratio
Angle of Attack - ANSWERS Relative position of wing to the direction of fluid
flow
,Camber - ANSWERS Degree of deformation of the wing, and therefore
imparted onto the fluid
Aspect Ratio - ANSWERS The relationship of an object's height to its width
- how long/skinny a wing is
Induced Drag - ANSWERS Drag due to lift
- Greater at slow speeds
Wing loading - ANSWERS amount of weight per surface area of wing
Power - ANSWERS Force x velocity (drag x velocity)
Economy/Efficiency - ANSWERS Drag to weight ratio
"Energy consumption per meter traveled for each Newton of gross weight"
Lift to drag ratio - ANSWERS 1/E (measure of gliding performance)
Biomechanics - ANSWERS the study of mechanical laws relating to movement
and structure of living organisms
Newton's 3 Laws - ANSWERS 1. Law of Inertia
2. Law of Acceleration (f=ma)
3. Law of equal and opposite forces
, Design - ANSWERS The process by which a functional structure is created
(Biology - evolution/random changes lead to competitive advantage...there is no
predetermined goal)
Efficiency - ANSWERS total work/metabolic costs
(mechanical power output/metabolic power output)
3 Ways to visualize fluid flow - ANSWERS 1. Tracers
2. Digital Particle Imaging Velocimetry (DPIV)
3. Computational Fluid Dynamics
Scaling - ANSWERS Physical parameters as a function of body mass
("How things change as they increase in size")
Isometric/Geometric Scaling - ANSWERS multiplying every dimension by a
scaling factor (x2)
Allometric Scaling - ANSWERS MAintaining functional equivalence with change
in size (ex: increasing in size but functionally the same)
Uses of Scaling (3) - ANSWERS 1. Understand how a structure works
2. Differentiate between differences due to size vs. adaptation
3. Find functional principles that scale many orders of magnitude in size
GUIDE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
(VERIFIED ANSWERS) | NEW VERSION 2026
Reasons for evolution of flight - ANSWERS Escape predators
Catch prey
Move from place to place
Free hind legs for use as weapons
Gain access to new niche
Convergent Evolution - ANSWERS the independent evolution of similar
features in different lineages
Lift - ANSWERS Pressure differential caused by asymmetries in the flow (L =
1/2pSV^2CL)
Lift Coefficient (CL) affected by... - ANSWERS Angle of Attack
Camber
Aspect Ratio
Angle of Attack - ANSWERS Relative position of wing to the direction of fluid
flow
,Camber - ANSWERS Degree of deformation of the wing, and therefore
imparted onto the fluid
Aspect Ratio - ANSWERS The relationship of an object's height to its width
- how long/skinny a wing is
Induced Drag - ANSWERS Drag due to lift
- Greater at slow speeds
Wing loading - ANSWERS amount of weight per surface area of wing
Power - ANSWERS Force x velocity (drag x velocity)
Economy/Efficiency - ANSWERS Drag to weight ratio
"Energy consumption per meter traveled for each Newton of gross weight"
Lift to drag ratio - ANSWERS 1/E (measure of gliding performance)
Biomechanics - ANSWERS the study of mechanical laws relating to movement
and structure of living organisms
Newton's 3 Laws - ANSWERS 1. Law of Inertia
2. Law of Acceleration (f=ma)
3. Law of equal and opposite forces
, Design - ANSWERS The process by which a functional structure is created
(Biology - evolution/random changes lead to competitive advantage...there is no
predetermined goal)
Efficiency - ANSWERS total work/metabolic costs
(mechanical power output/metabolic power output)
3 Ways to visualize fluid flow - ANSWERS 1. Tracers
2. Digital Particle Imaging Velocimetry (DPIV)
3. Computational Fluid Dynamics
Scaling - ANSWERS Physical parameters as a function of body mass
("How things change as they increase in size")
Isometric/Geometric Scaling - ANSWERS multiplying every dimension by a
scaling factor (x2)
Allometric Scaling - ANSWERS MAintaining functional equivalence with change
in size (ex: increasing in size but functionally the same)
Uses of Scaling (3) - ANSWERS 1. Understand how a structure works
2. Differentiate between differences due to size vs. adaptation
3. Find functional principles that scale many orders of magnitude in size
