NUR401 Midterm Exam—Questions
With 100% Correct Answers
\.Individuals with which of the following personality styles are most likely to be comfortable in a
leadership role?
A. D
B. I
C. S
D. C - Answer-✔A. D
Individuals with "D" (Driver) personality styles like to take charge of projects and are highly task
oriented, making them well-suited to positions of leadership.
\.What model of organizational change would be most likely to prioritize changing nurses'
feelings over presenting them with new information?
A. The Transtheoretical Model of Health Behavior Change
B. Kotter and Cohen's Model of Change
C. The Change Curve Model
D. Diffusion of Innovations Model - Answer-✔B. Kotter and Cohen's Model of Change
Rationale: Kotter and Cohen proposed that the key to organizational change lies in helping
people to feel differently (i.e., appealing to their emotions). They assert that individuals change
their behavior less when they are given facts or analyses that change their thinking than when
they are shown truths that influence their feelings.
,\.T/F: A SCOT analysis helps clarify the goals and beliefs that underlie a proposed change to EBP.
- Answer-✔False
Rationale: A SCOT analysis aids in the strategic planning for the execution of proposed change.
Identification of the goals and beliefs that inform the change should take place prior to formal
strategic planning.
\.Feedback loops are a central component of which of the following models for evidence-based
practice change?
A. The Model for Evidence-Based Practice Change
B. The Clinical Scholar Model
C. The ARCC Model
D. The Iowa Model - Answer-✔D. The Iowa Model
Rationale: The Iowa Model includes multiple feedback loops that refer the user back to earlier
points in the process. This is not a central feature of the ARCC Model, the Clinical Scholar
Model, or The Model for Evidence-Based Practice Change.
\.T/F: Both The Model for Evidence-Based Practice Change and the Iowa Model include the use
of a small-scale pilot study during the process of introducing an evidence-based change in
practice. - Answer-✔True
Rationale: Pilot studies are explicit components of both The Model for Evidence-Based Practice
Change and the Iowa Model.
\.When the Stetler Model is used to guide an evidence-based practice change, which of the
following activities will constitute the final phase of the process?
A. Disseminating the results of the practice change
B. Publishing the findings that result from implementation
,C. Evaluating the outcomes of the change in practice
D. Implementing a change in practice based on evidence - Answer-✔C. Evaluating the outcomes
of the change in practice
Rationale: The Stetler Model of Evidence-Based Practice culminates with an evaluation of the
change in practice. Dissemination is not prescribed in the model and implementation does not
form the "end point" of the implementation process.
\.T/F: Evidence-based clinical decision-making considers the constraints of a patient's
geographic location while a research utilization (RU) model does not address this parameter. -
Answer-✔True
Rationale: Evidence-based clinical decision-making takes into account patient variables such as
setting. RU is a more simplistic paradigm that solely encompasses the findings of research.
\.A rating scale asks patients to gauge their nausea by describing it as "no nausea," "slightly
nauseous," "significantly nauseous," or "severely nauseous." This scale provides the nurse with
data at what level?
A. Nominal
B. Ordinal
C. Interval
D. Ratio - Answer-✔B. Ordinal
Rationale: Likert-type scales like the one presented provide ordinal level data. Phenomena are
scaled in an ascending manner, but it is not possible to extrapolate insights from the data
mathematically.
\.Which of the following would be the best source for measuring the outcomes related to a
proposed change in the skills mix in the nursing care at a hospital?
, A. Finance
B. Human resources
C. Quality management
D. Administration - Answer-✔B. Human resources
Rationale: Human resource departments are a key source of data surrounding skills mix, staffing
levels, staff demographics, recruitment, and retention. Departments such as finance,
administration, and quality management would be less likely to provide data on the current
skills mix at the hospital.
\.T/F: The Health Outcomes Institute's Outcomes Management Model provides a four-step
process for the critical appraisal of evidence. - Answer-✔False
Rationale: The Health Outcomes Institute's Outcomes Management Model delineates a process
that can be used to guide measurement of the impact of new interventions on improving
healthcare outcomes. It does not provide a specific process for critical appraisal of the
literature.
\.Which of the following evaluation indicators can be quantified and statistically analyzed?
A. Environmental changes
B. Professional expertise
C. Outcome measures
D. Patient-centered quality care - Answer-✔C. Outcome measures
Rationale: Outcome measures are quantifiable healthcare results, such as health status, death,
disability, iatrogenic effects of treatment, health behaviors, and the economic impact of therapy
and illness management. Environmental changes, professional expertise, and patient-centered
quality care are measures that equally important, but which are more qualitative in nature.
With 100% Correct Answers
\.Individuals with which of the following personality styles are most likely to be comfortable in a
leadership role?
A. D
B. I
C. S
D. C - Answer-✔A. D
Individuals with "D" (Driver) personality styles like to take charge of projects and are highly task
oriented, making them well-suited to positions of leadership.
\.What model of organizational change would be most likely to prioritize changing nurses'
feelings over presenting them with new information?
A. The Transtheoretical Model of Health Behavior Change
B. Kotter and Cohen's Model of Change
C. The Change Curve Model
D. Diffusion of Innovations Model - Answer-✔B. Kotter and Cohen's Model of Change
Rationale: Kotter and Cohen proposed that the key to organizational change lies in helping
people to feel differently (i.e., appealing to their emotions). They assert that individuals change
their behavior less when they are given facts or analyses that change their thinking than when
they are shown truths that influence their feelings.
,\.T/F: A SCOT analysis helps clarify the goals and beliefs that underlie a proposed change to EBP.
- Answer-✔False
Rationale: A SCOT analysis aids in the strategic planning for the execution of proposed change.
Identification of the goals and beliefs that inform the change should take place prior to formal
strategic planning.
\.Feedback loops are a central component of which of the following models for evidence-based
practice change?
A. The Model for Evidence-Based Practice Change
B. The Clinical Scholar Model
C. The ARCC Model
D. The Iowa Model - Answer-✔D. The Iowa Model
Rationale: The Iowa Model includes multiple feedback loops that refer the user back to earlier
points in the process. This is not a central feature of the ARCC Model, the Clinical Scholar
Model, or The Model for Evidence-Based Practice Change.
\.T/F: Both The Model for Evidence-Based Practice Change and the Iowa Model include the use
of a small-scale pilot study during the process of introducing an evidence-based change in
practice. - Answer-✔True
Rationale: Pilot studies are explicit components of both The Model for Evidence-Based Practice
Change and the Iowa Model.
\.When the Stetler Model is used to guide an evidence-based practice change, which of the
following activities will constitute the final phase of the process?
A. Disseminating the results of the practice change
B. Publishing the findings that result from implementation
,C. Evaluating the outcomes of the change in practice
D. Implementing a change in practice based on evidence - Answer-✔C. Evaluating the outcomes
of the change in practice
Rationale: The Stetler Model of Evidence-Based Practice culminates with an evaluation of the
change in practice. Dissemination is not prescribed in the model and implementation does not
form the "end point" of the implementation process.
\.T/F: Evidence-based clinical decision-making considers the constraints of a patient's
geographic location while a research utilization (RU) model does not address this parameter. -
Answer-✔True
Rationale: Evidence-based clinical decision-making takes into account patient variables such as
setting. RU is a more simplistic paradigm that solely encompasses the findings of research.
\.A rating scale asks patients to gauge their nausea by describing it as "no nausea," "slightly
nauseous," "significantly nauseous," or "severely nauseous." This scale provides the nurse with
data at what level?
A. Nominal
B. Ordinal
C. Interval
D. Ratio - Answer-✔B. Ordinal
Rationale: Likert-type scales like the one presented provide ordinal level data. Phenomena are
scaled in an ascending manner, but it is not possible to extrapolate insights from the data
mathematically.
\.Which of the following would be the best source for measuring the outcomes related to a
proposed change in the skills mix in the nursing care at a hospital?
, A. Finance
B. Human resources
C. Quality management
D. Administration - Answer-✔B. Human resources
Rationale: Human resource departments are a key source of data surrounding skills mix, staffing
levels, staff demographics, recruitment, and retention. Departments such as finance,
administration, and quality management would be less likely to provide data on the current
skills mix at the hospital.
\.T/F: The Health Outcomes Institute's Outcomes Management Model provides a four-step
process for the critical appraisal of evidence. - Answer-✔False
Rationale: The Health Outcomes Institute's Outcomes Management Model delineates a process
that can be used to guide measurement of the impact of new interventions on improving
healthcare outcomes. It does not provide a specific process for critical appraisal of the
literature.
\.Which of the following evaluation indicators can be quantified and statistically analyzed?
A. Environmental changes
B. Professional expertise
C. Outcome measures
D. Patient-centered quality care - Answer-✔C. Outcome measures
Rationale: Outcome measures are quantifiable healthcare results, such as health status, death,
disability, iatrogenic effects of treatment, health behaviors, and the economic impact of therapy
and illness management. Environmental changes, professional expertise, and patient-centered
quality care are measures that equally important, but which are more qualitative in nature.
