EDEXCEL GCSE (9-1)
PSYCHOLOGY- STUDIES
Piaget 9v7f& 9v7fInhelder 9v7f(1956) 9v7fAims 9v7f- 9v7f> 9v7fThe 9v7fextent 9v7fto 9v7fwhich 9v7fchildren
9v7fof 9v7fdifferent 9v7fages 9v7fwere 9v7fable 9v7fto 9v7ftake 9v7fthe 9v7fview 9v7fof 9v7fanother 9v7fperson
> 9v7fChildren's 9v7foverall 9v7fsystem 9v7fof 9v7fputting 9v7ftogether 9v7fa 9v7fnumber 9v7fof
9v7fdifferent 9v7fviews 9v7fof 9v7fwhat 9v7fthey 9v7fsee
Piaget 9v7f& 9v7fInhelder 9v7f(1956) 9v7fProcedure 9v7f- 9v7f> 9v7fIn 9v7ftotal 9v7f100 9v7fchildren 9v7fages
9v7f4-12 9v7fwere 9v7finvolved.
> 9v7fThey 9v7fmade 9v7fa 9v7fmodel 9v7fof 9v7fthree 9v7fmountains 9v7fand 9v7ftook 9v7ften 9v7fphotos
9v7ffrom 9v7fdifferent 9v7fpositions 9v7faround 9v7fthe 9v7fmodel.
> 9v7fChild 9v7fasked 9v7fto 9v7fuse 9v7fthe 9v7fcardboard 9v7fshapes 9v7fto 9v7fshow 9v7fhow 9v7fthe
9v7fmountains 9v7flooked 9v7ffrom 9v7fdifferent 9v7fviewpoints. 9v7f
> 9v7fChild 9v7fshown 9v7ften 9v7fphotos 9v7fand 9v7fasked 9v7fwhich 9v7fthe 9v7fdoll 9v7fcould 9v7fsee.
> 9v7fChild 9v7fchose 9v7fa 9v7fpicture 9v7fand 9v7fhad 9v7fto 9v7fposition 9v7fthe 9v7fdoll 9v7fso 9v7fthat 9v7fit
9v7fcould 9v7fsee 9v7fit.
Piaget 9v7f& 9v7fInhelder 9v7f(1956) 9v7fFindings 9v7f- 9v7f> 9v7fA 9v7fchild 9v7fin 9v7fthe 9v7fpre-
operational 9v7fstage 9v7fchooses 9v7fpictures, 9v7fplaces 9v7fand 9v7fcardboard 9v7fto 9v7fshow
9v7ftheir 9v7fown 9v7fview. 9v7fA 9v7fchild 9v7fcannot 9v7fshow 9v7fthe 9v7fview 9v7fof 9v7fsomeone 9v7felse.
9v7f
> 9v7fA 9v7fchild 9v7fin 9v7fconcrete 9v7foperations 9v7f(7-9) 9v7fstarts 9v7fto 9v7funderstand 9v7fthat
9v7fsomeone 9v7fhas 9v7fa 9v7fdifferent 9v7fview. 9v7fA 9v7fchild 9v7f(9-10) 9v7fcan 9v7funderstand
9v7fthat 9v7fthe 9v7fdoll 9v7fhas 9v7fa 9v7fdifferent 9v7fview.
Piaget 9v7f& 9v7fInhelder 9v7f(1956) 9v7fConclusion 9v7f- 9v7f> 9v7fChildren 9v7fup 9v7fto 9v7f7 9v7fyears
9v7fold 9v7fare 9v7fegocentric 9v7falthough 9v7ftowards 9v7fthe 9v7fend 9v7fof 9v7fthe 9v7fpre-operational
9v7fstage 9v7fthey 9v7fbegin 9v7fto 9v7funderstand 9v7fviewpoint.
> 9v7fOlder 9v7fchildren 9v7fare 9v7fnon-egocentric. 9v7fThey 9v7fcan 9v7fconstruct 9v7fmental
9v7fimages 9v7fof 9v7fwhat 9v7fothers 9v7fcan 9v7fsee.
> 9v7fProvides 9v7fevidence 9v7ffor 9v7fthe 9v7fstages 9v7fof 9v7fdevelopment, 9v7fpre-operational
9v7fare 9v7fegocentric 9v7fwhereas 9v7fconcrete 9v7foperations 9v7fcan 9v7fcoordinate 9v7fdifferent
9v7fviewpoints.
Piaget 9v7f& 9v7fInhelder 9v7f(1956) 9v7fStrengths 9v7f- 9v7f> 9v7fProvided 9v7fgreat 9v7fdetail 9v7fabout
9v7fwhat 9v7fwas 9v7fdone 9v7fand 9v7fgave 9v7fqualitative 9v7fanalysis 9v7fabout 9v7findividual
9v7fchildren. 9v7fThis 9v7fmeant 9v7fthey 9v7fcould 9v7fshow 9v7feg 9v7fthat 9v7fas 9v7fa 9v7fchild 9v7fneared
9v7fthe 9v7fnext 9v7fstage 9v7fof 9v7fdevelopment, 9v7fthey 9v7fcould 9v7fachieve 9v7felements 9v7fof
9v7fthat 9v7fnext 9v7fstage.
, > 9v7fUsed 9v7fexperimental 9v7fmethods 9v7fwhich 9v7fmeant 9v7fcareful 9v7fcontrols 9v7fwere
9v7fput 9v7fin 9v7fplace. 9v7fThis 9v7fallowed 9v7fcomparisons 9v7fbetween 9v7fthe 9v7fresults 9v7ffrom
9v7fdifferent 9v7fchildren. 9v7fRepeating 9v7fthe 9v7fstudy 9v7fand 9v7fusing 9v7fdifferent
9v7fviewpoints 9v7fmeant 9v7fthat 9v7fthere 9v7fwas 9v7freliability 9v7fin 9v7ftheir 9v7ffindings.
Piaget 9v7f& 9v7fInhelder 9v7f(1956) 9v7fWeaknesses 9v7f- 9v7f> 9v7fThe 9v7fresults 9v7fsuggest 9v7fthat
9v7fthe 9v7f'stages' 9v7fare 9v7fnot 9v7fdefinitive 9v7fenough 9v7feven 9v7fthough 9v7fPiaget
9v7facknowledged 9v7fa 9v7fperiod 9v7fof 9v7ftransition.
> 9v7fOther 9v7fstudies 9v7fwith 9v7fmore 9v7frealistic 9v7fscenarios 9v7fdid 9v7fnot 9v7fgive 9v7fthe
9v7fsame 9v7ffindings. 9v7fBorke 9v7f(1975) 9v7fused 9v7fa 9v7fsimilar 9v7fidea 9v7fbut 9v7fwith 9v7fa
9v7fcharacter 9v7ffrom 9v7fSesame 9v7fStreet 9v7fand 9v7flet 9v7fthe 9v7fchildren 9v7fuse 9v7fa
9v7fturntable. 9v7fShe 9v7ffound 9v7fthat 9v7f3 9v7fyear 9v7folds 9v7fcould 9v7fidentify 9v7fGrover's
9v7fpoint 9v7fof 9v7fview 9v7fmore 9v7fthan 9v7f79% 9v7fof 9v7fthe 9v7ftime. 9v7fShe 9v7fsuggested 9v7fthat
9v7fchildren 9v7funder 9v7f7 9v7fwere 9v7fnot 9v7fegocentric 9v7fbut 9v7fthat 9v7fthe 9v7ftask 9v7fwas 9v7ftoo
9v7fdifficult 9v7ffor 9v7fthem.
Gunderson 9v7fet 9v7fal. 9v7f(2013) 9v7fAims 9v7f- 9v7f> 9v7fChildren 9v7fare 9v7faffected 9v7fby
9v7fdifferent 9v7ftypes 9v7fof 9v7fpraise 9v7fgiven 9v7fin 9v7fa 9v7fnatural 9v7fsituation
> 9v7fParents 9v7fgive 9v7fgirls 9v7fmore 9v7fperson 9v7fpraise 9v7fthan 9v7fprocess 9v7fpraise
> 9v7fParents 9v7fuse 9v7fof 9v7fprocess 9v7fpraise 9v7faffects 9v7fa 9v7fchild's 9v7freasoning 9v7fand
9v7fmotivation 9v7ffive 9v7fyears 9v7fdown 9v7fthe 9v7fline.
Gunderson 9v7fet 9v7fal. 9v7f(2013) 9v7fProcedure 9v7f- 9v7fStudy 9v7ffollowed 9v7fa 9v7fgroup 9v7fof
9v7f29 9v7fboys 9v7f& 9v7f24 9v7fgirls 9v7fat 9v7f14 9v7fmonths, 9v7f28 9v7fmonths 9v7fand 9v7f36 9v7fmonths.
9v7fNo 9v7fone 9v7fknew 9v7fwhat 9v7fwas 9v7fbeing 9v7fstudied 9v7fwhen 9v7fthey 9v7fgot 9v7ffilmed
9v7facting 9v7f'naturally'. 9v7fAt 9v7f7-8 9v7fyears 9v7fold 9v7fthe 9v7fsame 9v7fchildren 9v7fanswered
9v7ftwo 9v7fquestionnaires 9v7fabout 9v7fwhat 9v7fthey 9v7fthought 9v7fled 9v7fto 9v7fa 9v7fpersons
9v7fintelligence 9v7fand 9v7fled 9v7fto 9v7ftheir 9v7fmorals.
Gunderson 9v7fet 9v7fal. 9v7f(2013) 9v7fFindings 9v7f- 9v7f> 9v7f3% 9v7fof 9v7fparental 9v7fcomments
9v7fto 9v7fchildren 9v7fwere 9v7fpraise.
> 9v7fProcess 9v7fpraise 9v7fwas 9v7f18%, 9v7fPerson 9v7fpraise 9v7fwas 9v7f16%.
> 9v7f24% 9v7fof 9v7fboys 9v7fpraise 9v7fwas 9v7fprocess 9v7fpraise 9v7fwhereas 9v7fwas 9v7fonly
9v7f10.3% 9v7ffor 9v7fgirls.
> 9v7fThe 9v7fmore 9v7fprocess 9v7fpraise 9v7fthere 9v7fis 9v7fin 9v7fearly 9v7fchildhood, 9v7fthe 9v7fmore
9v7flikely 9v7fchildren 9v7fwill 9v7fbelieve 9v7fthat 9v7fputting 9v7feffort 9v7fin 9v7fis 9v7fworthwhile.
Gunderson 9v7fet 9v7fal. 9v7f(2013) 9v7fConclusion 9v7f- 9v7f> 9v7fA 9v7fclear 9v7frelationship 9v7fwas
9v7ffound 9v7fbetween 9v7fparents 9v7fuse 9v7fof 9v7fprocess 9v7fpraise 9v7fand 9v7fa 9v7fchild's 9v7flater
9v7fuse 9v7fof 9v7fan 9v7fincremental 9v7fmotivational 9v7fframework 9v7f(ability 9v7fbeing
9v7fchangeable). 9v7f
> 9v7fOnly 9v7fpartially 9v7fsupported 9v7fbecause 9v7fit 9v7fdid 9v7fnot 9v7ffind 9v7fthe 9v7fperson
9v7fpraise 9v7fleads 9v7fto 9v7fan 9v7fentity 9v7fmotivational 9v7fframework 9v7f(ability 9v7fis 9v7ffixed)
PSYCHOLOGY- STUDIES
Piaget 9v7f& 9v7fInhelder 9v7f(1956) 9v7fAims 9v7f- 9v7f> 9v7fThe 9v7fextent 9v7fto 9v7fwhich 9v7fchildren
9v7fof 9v7fdifferent 9v7fages 9v7fwere 9v7fable 9v7fto 9v7ftake 9v7fthe 9v7fview 9v7fof 9v7fanother 9v7fperson
> 9v7fChildren's 9v7foverall 9v7fsystem 9v7fof 9v7fputting 9v7ftogether 9v7fa 9v7fnumber 9v7fof
9v7fdifferent 9v7fviews 9v7fof 9v7fwhat 9v7fthey 9v7fsee
Piaget 9v7f& 9v7fInhelder 9v7f(1956) 9v7fProcedure 9v7f- 9v7f> 9v7fIn 9v7ftotal 9v7f100 9v7fchildren 9v7fages
9v7f4-12 9v7fwere 9v7finvolved.
> 9v7fThey 9v7fmade 9v7fa 9v7fmodel 9v7fof 9v7fthree 9v7fmountains 9v7fand 9v7ftook 9v7ften 9v7fphotos
9v7ffrom 9v7fdifferent 9v7fpositions 9v7faround 9v7fthe 9v7fmodel.
> 9v7fChild 9v7fasked 9v7fto 9v7fuse 9v7fthe 9v7fcardboard 9v7fshapes 9v7fto 9v7fshow 9v7fhow 9v7fthe
9v7fmountains 9v7flooked 9v7ffrom 9v7fdifferent 9v7fviewpoints. 9v7f
> 9v7fChild 9v7fshown 9v7ften 9v7fphotos 9v7fand 9v7fasked 9v7fwhich 9v7fthe 9v7fdoll 9v7fcould 9v7fsee.
> 9v7fChild 9v7fchose 9v7fa 9v7fpicture 9v7fand 9v7fhad 9v7fto 9v7fposition 9v7fthe 9v7fdoll 9v7fso 9v7fthat 9v7fit
9v7fcould 9v7fsee 9v7fit.
Piaget 9v7f& 9v7fInhelder 9v7f(1956) 9v7fFindings 9v7f- 9v7f> 9v7fA 9v7fchild 9v7fin 9v7fthe 9v7fpre-
operational 9v7fstage 9v7fchooses 9v7fpictures, 9v7fplaces 9v7fand 9v7fcardboard 9v7fto 9v7fshow
9v7ftheir 9v7fown 9v7fview. 9v7fA 9v7fchild 9v7fcannot 9v7fshow 9v7fthe 9v7fview 9v7fof 9v7fsomeone 9v7felse.
9v7f
> 9v7fA 9v7fchild 9v7fin 9v7fconcrete 9v7foperations 9v7f(7-9) 9v7fstarts 9v7fto 9v7funderstand 9v7fthat
9v7fsomeone 9v7fhas 9v7fa 9v7fdifferent 9v7fview. 9v7fA 9v7fchild 9v7f(9-10) 9v7fcan 9v7funderstand
9v7fthat 9v7fthe 9v7fdoll 9v7fhas 9v7fa 9v7fdifferent 9v7fview.
Piaget 9v7f& 9v7fInhelder 9v7f(1956) 9v7fConclusion 9v7f- 9v7f> 9v7fChildren 9v7fup 9v7fto 9v7f7 9v7fyears
9v7fold 9v7fare 9v7fegocentric 9v7falthough 9v7ftowards 9v7fthe 9v7fend 9v7fof 9v7fthe 9v7fpre-operational
9v7fstage 9v7fthey 9v7fbegin 9v7fto 9v7funderstand 9v7fviewpoint.
> 9v7fOlder 9v7fchildren 9v7fare 9v7fnon-egocentric. 9v7fThey 9v7fcan 9v7fconstruct 9v7fmental
9v7fimages 9v7fof 9v7fwhat 9v7fothers 9v7fcan 9v7fsee.
> 9v7fProvides 9v7fevidence 9v7ffor 9v7fthe 9v7fstages 9v7fof 9v7fdevelopment, 9v7fpre-operational
9v7fare 9v7fegocentric 9v7fwhereas 9v7fconcrete 9v7foperations 9v7fcan 9v7fcoordinate 9v7fdifferent
9v7fviewpoints.
Piaget 9v7f& 9v7fInhelder 9v7f(1956) 9v7fStrengths 9v7f- 9v7f> 9v7fProvided 9v7fgreat 9v7fdetail 9v7fabout
9v7fwhat 9v7fwas 9v7fdone 9v7fand 9v7fgave 9v7fqualitative 9v7fanalysis 9v7fabout 9v7findividual
9v7fchildren. 9v7fThis 9v7fmeant 9v7fthey 9v7fcould 9v7fshow 9v7feg 9v7fthat 9v7fas 9v7fa 9v7fchild 9v7fneared
9v7fthe 9v7fnext 9v7fstage 9v7fof 9v7fdevelopment, 9v7fthey 9v7fcould 9v7fachieve 9v7felements 9v7fof
9v7fthat 9v7fnext 9v7fstage.
, > 9v7fUsed 9v7fexperimental 9v7fmethods 9v7fwhich 9v7fmeant 9v7fcareful 9v7fcontrols 9v7fwere
9v7fput 9v7fin 9v7fplace. 9v7fThis 9v7fallowed 9v7fcomparisons 9v7fbetween 9v7fthe 9v7fresults 9v7ffrom
9v7fdifferent 9v7fchildren. 9v7fRepeating 9v7fthe 9v7fstudy 9v7fand 9v7fusing 9v7fdifferent
9v7fviewpoints 9v7fmeant 9v7fthat 9v7fthere 9v7fwas 9v7freliability 9v7fin 9v7ftheir 9v7ffindings.
Piaget 9v7f& 9v7fInhelder 9v7f(1956) 9v7fWeaknesses 9v7f- 9v7f> 9v7fThe 9v7fresults 9v7fsuggest 9v7fthat
9v7fthe 9v7f'stages' 9v7fare 9v7fnot 9v7fdefinitive 9v7fenough 9v7feven 9v7fthough 9v7fPiaget
9v7facknowledged 9v7fa 9v7fperiod 9v7fof 9v7ftransition.
> 9v7fOther 9v7fstudies 9v7fwith 9v7fmore 9v7frealistic 9v7fscenarios 9v7fdid 9v7fnot 9v7fgive 9v7fthe
9v7fsame 9v7ffindings. 9v7fBorke 9v7f(1975) 9v7fused 9v7fa 9v7fsimilar 9v7fidea 9v7fbut 9v7fwith 9v7fa
9v7fcharacter 9v7ffrom 9v7fSesame 9v7fStreet 9v7fand 9v7flet 9v7fthe 9v7fchildren 9v7fuse 9v7fa
9v7fturntable. 9v7fShe 9v7ffound 9v7fthat 9v7f3 9v7fyear 9v7folds 9v7fcould 9v7fidentify 9v7fGrover's
9v7fpoint 9v7fof 9v7fview 9v7fmore 9v7fthan 9v7f79% 9v7fof 9v7fthe 9v7ftime. 9v7fShe 9v7fsuggested 9v7fthat
9v7fchildren 9v7funder 9v7f7 9v7fwere 9v7fnot 9v7fegocentric 9v7fbut 9v7fthat 9v7fthe 9v7ftask 9v7fwas 9v7ftoo
9v7fdifficult 9v7ffor 9v7fthem.
Gunderson 9v7fet 9v7fal. 9v7f(2013) 9v7fAims 9v7f- 9v7f> 9v7fChildren 9v7fare 9v7faffected 9v7fby
9v7fdifferent 9v7ftypes 9v7fof 9v7fpraise 9v7fgiven 9v7fin 9v7fa 9v7fnatural 9v7fsituation
> 9v7fParents 9v7fgive 9v7fgirls 9v7fmore 9v7fperson 9v7fpraise 9v7fthan 9v7fprocess 9v7fpraise
> 9v7fParents 9v7fuse 9v7fof 9v7fprocess 9v7fpraise 9v7faffects 9v7fa 9v7fchild's 9v7freasoning 9v7fand
9v7fmotivation 9v7ffive 9v7fyears 9v7fdown 9v7fthe 9v7fline.
Gunderson 9v7fet 9v7fal. 9v7f(2013) 9v7fProcedure 9v7f- 9v7fStudy 9v7ffollowed 9v7fa 9v7fgroup 9v7fof
9v7f29 9v7fboys 9v7f& 9v7f24 9v7fgirls 9v7fat 9v7f14 9v7fmonths, 9v7f28 9v7fmonths 9v7fand 9v7f36 9v7fmonths.
9v7fNo 9v7fone 9v7fknew 9v7fwhat 9v7fwas 9v7fbeing 9v7fstudied 9v7fwhen 9v7fthey 9v7fgot 9v7ffilmed
9v7facting 9v7f'naturally'. 9v7fAt 9v7f7-8 9v7fyears 9v7fold 9v7fthe 9v7fsame 9v7fchildren 9v7fanswered
9v7ftwo 9v7fquestionnaires 9v7fabout 9v7fwhat 9v7fthey 9v7fthought 9v7fled 9v7fto 9v7fa 9v7fpersons
9v7fintelligence 9v7fand 9v7fled 9v7fto 9v7ftheir 9v7fmorals.
Gunderson 9v7fet 9v7fal. 9v7f(2013) 9v7fFindings 9v7f- 9v7f> 9v7f3% 9v7fof 9v7fparental 9v7fcomments
9v7fto 9v7fchildren 9v7fwere 9v7fpraise.
> 9v7fProcess 9v7fpraise 9v7fwas 9v7f18%, 9v7fPerson 9v7fpraise 9v7fwas 9v7f16%.
> 9v7f24% 9v7fof 9v7fboys 9v7fpraise 9v7fwas 9v7fprocess 9v7fpraise 9v7fwhereas 9v7fwas 9v7fonly
9v7f10.3% 9v7ffor 9v7fgirls.
> 9v7fThe 9v7fmore 9v7fprocess 9v7fpraise 9v7fthere 9v7fis 9v7fin 9v7fearly 9v7fchildhood, 9v7fthe 9v7fmore
9v7flikely 9v7fchildren 9v7fwill 9v7fbelieve 9v7fthat 9v7fputting 9v7feffort 9v7fin 9v7fis 9v7fworthwhile.
Gunderson 9v7fet 9v7fal. 9v7f(2013) 9v7fConclusion 9v7f- 9v7f> 9v7fA 9v7fclear 9v7frelationship 9v7fwas
9v7ffound 9v7fbetween 9v7fparents 9v7fuse 9v7fof 9v7fprocess 9v7fpraise 9v7fand 9v7fa 9v7fchild's 9v7flater
9v7fuse 9v7fof 9v7fan 9v7fincremental 9v7fmotivational 9v7fframework 9v7f(ability 9v7fbeing
9v7fchangeable). 9v7f
> 9v7fOnly 9v7fpartially 9v7fsupported 9v7fbecause 9v7fit 9v7fdid 9v7fnot 9v7ffind 9v7fthe 9v7fperson
9v7fpraise 9v7fleads 9v7fto 9v7fan 9v7fentity 9v7fmotivational 9v7fframework 9v7f(ability 9v7fis 9v7ffixed)
