CONS 127 Final Questions And
Answers With Verified Solutions!!!
What is latitude? CORRECT ANSWERS Angle that describes North-South Position.
What is longitude? CORRECT ANSWERS Angle that describes East-West Position.
Where is the prime meridian? CORRECT ANSWERS 0 degrees longitude, located in
Greenwich, England
What is a Parallel? CORRECT ANSWERS Circle connecting all location w/ given
latitude.
What are the three ways the earth's shape can be mathematically defined? CORRECT
ANSWERS 1. sphere
- simplest/ least accurate approximation
2. ellipsoid
- mathematical approximation, accounts flattening at poles/ bulges at equator due to
revolutions, direct mathematical computations
3. geoid
- physical approximation of figure of the Earth, used to measure surface elevation
w/high degree of accuracy
(computed w/complex physical models and gravity readings of surface; shape of
surface of calmed oceans in absence of other influences like winds/tides)
What is the only correct representation of the Earth's surface? Why? CORRECT
ANSWERS 3D globe. It has all metric properties (area, shape, distance, and location)
Flat 2D surface, only some of these properties can be accurately represented
Every map has some sort of distortion
What is the main difference between an equivalent and conformal projection?
CORRECT ANSWERS Equivalent (Conic)
- Earth projected on a cone, shapes distorted but areas preserved
- Good for representing parts of the Earth and enable direct surface comparisons within
the map
- Examples include Mollweide map and the Gall-peters map
Conformal (Cylindrical)
, - Projected on a cylinder, distortion at poles and areas, but angles between positions
preserved
- Convenient for sea navigation
- Example, Mercator
Considering the case of Africa and Greenland, describe how map projections might
influence the perspective of the map viewer. CORRECT ANSWERS Mercator makes
Africa appear smaller than Greenland. The Mollweide gives countries more realistic
proportions, where Greenland is significantly smaller than Africa.
The Mercator map is the most popular map in the world and the one most viewed by
people. Since Greenland appears bigger than Africa, people may subconsciously
believe that Greenland is superior to Africa. It therefore can be said that map projections
can cause things like Eurocentrism.
How was a Metre first defined? How is it defined now? CORRECT ANSWERS The
Metre was originally defined in 1793 as "one ten-millionth of the
distance from the equator to the North Pole".
From 1889 to 1960s, the standard was a platinum and iridium bar stored in the
international bureau of weights and measures in Paris.
Now it's defined based on the speed of light "length of the path travelled by light in
vacuum during a time internal of 1/299 792 458 of a second"
What is the name of the unit which is equal to 1000 nm? CORRECT ANSWERS
1000nm= 1 um
1000um= 1mm
(um= micrometers)
Which covers more area, a small or a large-scale map? CORRECT ANSWERS Small
scale= large area, coarse Detail large scale= small area, great detail/accuracy
What are two ways scale can be indicated on a map? CORRECT ANSWERS Graphic
scale
Bar Scale
Fractional scale
Ratio scale
Verbal scale
What kind of map scale would be appropriate for representing large countries and/or
continents? For a city neighbourhood? CORRECT ANSWERS large
countries/continents
= 1:20 mill
city neighbourhood
= 1:30 000/ 1:15 000
, Worldwide
= 1:40 mill
National
= 1:10 mill
Provincial/Regional
= 1:1 mill
Name some 3 devices which can measure distances at different scales? CORRECT
ANSWERS Electron microscope (accelerated electrons source of illumination, observe
microorganisms, cells, molecules, metals, crystals)
Optical microscope (visible light+ system of lenses magnify small particles, magnetic
power= product of power of eye + lens, used in biotech, pharmaceutical research,
mineralogy, microbiology)
Camera (optical device creates images of observed scene, historically record images in
film, now mostly digital, static or movement/video )
Telescope (observe remote objects, historically optical composed of lenses/mirrors,
modern=detect electromagnetic radiations like radio, x-ray, gamma-ray, high energy
particle)
What is the difference between relative and absolute positioning? CORRECT
ANSWERS Relative positioning (dead reckoning, pilotage)
= position determined relative to other landmarks/ features
Absolute positioning (position fixing)
= position determined by coordinates of a point in space - ex. celestial and electronic
navigation/ GPS
What is a geodetic marker? CORRECT ANSWERS - Objects placed to mark key survey
points on Earth's surface as part of Geodetic Network used in Geodetic Surveying,
basis for mapping the Earth's surface
- Provides many fixed stations whose relative + absolute positions are accurately
established (points can be used to calculate other points by triangulation)
In Ocean navigation, which is easier to calculate, latitude or longitude? CORRECT
ANSWERS latitude b/c height of any star in sky relates directly to your latitude (height in
sky consistently changes w/latitude but stays same for any longitude)
- ex. North Star in northern hemisphere
- star's distance remains nearly fixed due to its vast distance, but the position in the sky
changes b/c of seasonal variation and 24 hour Earth Motion
What is the critical measurement to obtain an accurate longitude? CORRECT
ANSWERS TIME; distance from a line of longitude to the prime meridian can be
Answers With Verified Solutions!!!
What is latitude? CORRECT ANSWERS Angle that describes North-South Position.
What is longitude? CORRECT ANSWERS Angle that describes East-West Position.
Where is the prime meridian? CORRECT ANSWERS 0 degrees longitude, located in
Greenwich, England
What is a Parallel? CORRECT ANSWERS Circle connecting all location w/ given
latitude.
What are the three ways the earth's shape can be mathematically defined? CORRECT
ANSWERS 1. sphere
- simplest/ least accurate approximation
2. ellipsoid
- mathematical approximation, accounts flattening at poles/ bulges at equator due to
revolutions, direct mathematical computations
3. geoid
- physical approximation of figure of the Earth, used to measure surface elevation
w/high degree of accuracy
(computed w/complex physical models and gravity readings of surface; shape of
surface of calmed oceans in absence of other influences like winds/tides)
What is the only correct representation of the Earth's surface? Why? CORRECT
ANSWERS 3D globe. It has all metric properties (area, shape, distance, and location)
Flat 2D surface, only some of these properties can be accurately represented
Every map has some sort of distortion
What is the main difference between an equivalent and conformal projection?
CORRECT ANSWERS Equivalent (Conic)
- Earth projected on a cone, shapes distorted but areas preserved
- Good for representing parts of the Earth and enable direct surface comparisons within
the map
- Examples include Mollweide map and the Gall-peters map
Conformal (Cylindrical)
, - Projected on a cylinder, distortion at poles and areas, but angles between positions
preserved
- Convenient for sea navigation
- Example, Mercator
Considering the case of Africa and Greenland, describe how map projections might
influence the perspective of the map viewer. CORRECT ANSWERS Mercator makes
Africa appear smaller than Greenland. The Mollweide gives countries more realistic
proportions, where Greenland is significantly smaller than Africa.
The Mercator map is the most popular map in the world and the one most viewed by
people. Since Greenland appears bigger than Africa, people may subconsciously
believe that Greenland is superior to Africa. It therefore can be said that map projections
can cause things like Eurocentrism.
How was a Metre first defined? How is it defined now? CORRECT ANSWERS The
Metre was originally defined in 1793 as "one ten-millionth of the
distance from the equator to the North Pole".
From 1889 to 1960s, the standard was a platinum and iridium bar stored in the
international bureau of weights and measures in Paris.
Now it's defined based on the speed of light "length of the path travelled by light in
vacuum during a time internal of 1/299 792 458 of a second"
What is the name of the unit which is equal to 1000 nm? CORRECT ANSWERS
1000nm= 1 um
1000um= 1mm
(um= micrometers)
Which covers more area, a small or a large-scale map? CORRECT ANSWERS Small
scale= large area, coarse Detail large scale= small area, great detail/accuracy
What are two ways scale can be indicated on a map? CORRECT ANSWERS Graphic
scale
Bar Scale
Fractional scale
Ratio scale
Verbal scale
What kind of map scale would be appropriate for representing large countries and/or
continents? For a city neighbourhood? CORRECT ANSWERS large
countries/continents
= 1:20 mill
city neighbourhood
= 1:30 000/ 1:15 000
, Worldwide
= 1:40 mill
National
= 1:10 mill
Provincial/Regional
= 1:1 mill
Name some 3 devices which can measure distances at different scales? CORRECT
ANSWERS Electron microscope (accelerated electrons source of illumination, observe
microorganisms, cells, molecules, metals, crystals)
Optical microscope (visible light+ system of lenses magnify small particles, magnetic
power= product of power of eye + lens, used in biotech, pharmaceutical research,
mineralogy, microbiology)
Camera (optical device creates images of observed scene, historically record images in
film, now mostly digital, static or movement/video )
Telescope (observe remote objects, historically optical composed of lenses/mirrors,
modern=detect electromagnetic radiations like radio, x-ray, gamma-ray, high energy
particle)
What is the difference between relative and absolute positioning? CORRECT
ANSWERS Relative positioning (dead reckoning, pilotage)
= position determined relative to other landmarks/ features
Absolute positioning (position fixing)
= position determined by coordinates of a point in space - ex. celestial and electronic
navigation/ GPS
What is a geodetic marker? CORRECT ANSWERS - Objects placed to mark key survey
points on Earth's surface as part of Geodetic Network used in Geodetic Surveying,
basis for mapping the Earth's surface
- Provides many fixed stations whose relative + absolute positions are accurately
established (points can be used to calculate other points by triangulation)
In Ocean navigation, which is easier to calculate, latitude or longitude? CORRECT
ANSWERS latitude b/c height of any star in sky relates directly to your latitude (height in
sky consistently changes w/latitude but stays same for any longitude)
- ex. North Star in northern hemisphere
- star's distance remains nearly fixed due to its vast distance, but the position in the sky
changes b/c of seasonal variation and 24 hour Earth Motion
What is the critical measurement to obtain an accurate longitude? CORRECT
ANSWERS TIME; distance from a line of longitude to the prime meridian can be
