BIOLOGY: A GLOBAL
APPROACH
Campbell, Urry, Cain, Wasserman, Minorsky, Orr
Nederlandse samenvatting
MICHELLE WARMERDAM
12e druk
Pearson, 2020
,Inleiding
Dit document is een samenvatting van het boek Biology: A Global Approach, de 12e druk. Ik ben
begonnen van het schrijven van deze samenvatting eind juni 2020 en ik hem deze gebaseerd op de
door mij geschreven Nederlandse samenvatting van de 10e druk. In deze versie van de samenvatting
heb ik feedback verwerkt die ik heb mogen ontvangen in de afgelopen jaren dat mijn samenvatting op
Stuvia heeft gestaan. Er zit ontzettend veel tijd in deze samenvatting en ik ben trots op het
eindresultaat. Ik vraag je dan ook deze samenvatting volgens de richtlijnen van Stuvia te gebruiken en
niet te delen met anderen.
Deze samenvatting geeft in het Nederlands uitgebreid weer wat er in dit boek beschreven staat. In de
samenvatting worden geen afbeeldingen gebruikt (wegens auteursrechten) en wordt er verwezen
naar figuren en tabellen uit het boek. Ik raad dan ook aan het boek erbij te houden want, ook al
verwijs ik er niet altijd naar, de afbeeldingen ondersteunen de tekst vaak erg goed. Daarnaast laat ik
de voorbeelden die in het boek beschrijven staan, (bijna altijd) uit de samenvatting. Deze zijn namelijk
door de schrijvers van het boek ondersteunend bedoeld en geven vaak geen nieuwe informatie. De
samenvatting kan uiteraard gebruikt worden in combinatie met andere versies van het boek, alleen
zal dan de nummering van hoofdstukken, paragrafen, figuren of tabellen niet altijd kloppen.
Ik heb de originele Engelse benaming van de hoofdstukken en paragrafen behouden. De rest van de
samenvatting is echter volledig in het Nederlands. Deze samenvatting is dan ook een goede
ondersteuning voor studenten die het (soms) lastig vinden om door de Engelse teksten in het boek
heen te komen.
Ik heb een mindmap gemaakt die het overzicht van het hele boek geeft in één afbeelding. Dit helpt je
de opbouw van het boek begrijpen. Het eerste hoofdstuk is niet verwerkt in deze mindmap, deze is
namelijk overkoepelend voor het hele boek.
Ik wens je ontzettend veel succes en plezier met het lezen en bestuderen van deze samenvatting!
1
,Inhoud
Inleiding................................................................................................................................................. 1
Chapter 1: Biology and its themes....................................................................................................... 11
1.1 The study of life reveals common themes..................................................................................11
1.2 The core theme: evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life........................................14
1.3 In studying nature, scientists form and test hypotheses.............................................................16
1.4 Science benefits from a cooperative approach and diverse viewpoints.....................................18
Chapter 2: Atoms and molecules......................................................................................................... 19
2.1 Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called compounds......19
2.2 An element’s properties depend on the structure of its atoms...................................................19
2.3 The formation and function of molecules and ionic compounds depend on chemical bonding
between atoms................................................................................................................................. 20
2.4 Chemical reactions make and break chemical bonds................................................................22
Chapter 3: The chemistry of water....................................................................................................... 23
3.1 Polar covalent bonds in water molecules result in hydrogen bonding........................................23
3.2 Four emergent properties of water contribute to Earth’s suitability for life..................................23
3.3 Acidic and basic conditions affect living organisms....................................................................25
Chapter 4: Carbon: the basis of molecular diversity.............................................................................26
4.1 Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds................................................................26
4.2 Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms...............................26
4.3 A few chemical groups are key to molecular function................................................................27
Chapter 5: Biological macromolecules and lipids.................................................................................28
5.1 Macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers.................................................................28
5.2 Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material....................................................................28
5.3 Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules................................................................29
5.4 Proteins include a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of functions........................30
5.5 Nucleic acids store, transmit, and help express hereditary information.....................................32
5.6 Genomics and proteomics have transformed biological inquiry and applications......................33
Chapter 6: Energy and life................................................................................................................... 34
6.1 An organism’s metabolism transforms matter and energy.........................................................34
6.2 The free-energy change of a reaction tells us whether or not the reaction occurs spontaneously
......................................................................................................................................................... 35
6.3 ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions.................35
6.4 Enzymes speed up metabolic reactions by lowering energy barriers.........................................36
6.5 Regulation of enzyme activity helps control metabolism............................................................38
Chapter 7: Cell structure and function.................................................................................................. 39
7.1 Biologists use microscopes and the tools of chemistry to study cells........................................39
7.2 Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions.....................39
7.3 The eukaryotic cell’s genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried out by the
ribosomes........................................................................................................................................ 41
2
, 7.4 The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the
cell................................................................................................................................................... 42
7.5 Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one form to another...................................43
7.6 The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in the cell........45
7.7 Extracellular components and connections between cells help coordinate cellular activities.....46
7.8 A cell is greater than the sum of its parts...................................................................................47
Chapter 8: Cell membranes................................................................................................................. 48
8.1 Cellular membranes are fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins.....................................................48
8.2 Membrane structure results in selective permeability................................................................49
8.3 Passive transport is diffusion of a substance across a membrane with no energy investment. .50
8.4 Active transport uses energy to move solutes against their gradients.......................................50
8.5 Bulk transport across the plasma membrane occurs by exocytosis and endocytosis................51
Chapter 9: Cellular signaling................................................................................................................ 52
9.1 External signals are converted to responses within the cell.......................................................52
9.2 Signal reception: A signaling molecule binds to a receptor, causing it to change shape...........52
9.3 Transduction: Cascades of molecular interactions transmit signals from receptors to relay
molecules in the cell......................................................................................................................... 54
9.4 Cellular response: Cell signaling leads to regulation of transcription or cytoplasmic activities...55
9.5 Apoptosis requires integration of multiple cell-signaling pathways.............................................56
Chapter 10: Cell respiration................................................................................................................. 57
10.1 Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic flues.....................................................57
10.2 Glycolysis harvest chemical energy by oxidizing glycose to pyruvate......................................59
10.3 After pyruvate is oxidized, the citric acid cycle completes the energy-yielding oxidation of
organic molecules............................................................................................................................ 60
10.4 During oxidative phosphorylation, chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthesis
......................................................................................................................................................... 61
10.5 Fermentation and anaerobic respiration enable cells to produce ATP without the use of
oxygen............................................................................................................................................. 63
10.6 Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle connect to many other metabolic pathways......................64
Chapter 11: Photosynthetic processes................................................................................................ 65
11.1 Photosynthesis feeds the biosphere........................................................................................ 65
11.2 Photosynthesis converts light energy to the chemical energy of food......................................65
11.3 The light reactions convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH.............66
11.4 The Calvin cycle uses the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH to reduce CO 2 to sugar........68
11.5 Alternative mechanisms of carbon fixation have evolved in hot, arid climates.........................69
11.6 Photosynthesis is essential for life on Earth: a review..............................................................70
Chapter 12: Mitosis.............................................................................................................................. 71
12.1 Most cell division results in genetically identical daughter cells...............................................71
12.2 The mitotic phase alternates with interphase in the cell cycle..................................................71
12.3 The eukaryotic cell cycle is regulated by a molecular control system......................................73
Chapter 13: Sexual life cycles and meiosis.......................................................................................... 75
3
APPROACH
Campbell, Urry, Cain, Wasserman, Minorsky, Orr
Nederlandse samenvatting
MICHELLE WARMERDAM
12e druk
Pearson, 2020
,Inleiding
Dit document is een samenvatting van het boek Biology: A Global Approach, de 12e druk. Ik ben
begonnen van het schrijven van deze samenvatting eind juni 2020 en ik hem deze gebaseerd op de
door mij geschreven Nederlandse samenvatting van de 10e druk. In deze versie van de samenvatting
heb ik feedback verwerkt die ik heb mogen ontvangen in de afgelopen jaren dat mijn samenvatting op
Stuvia heeft gestaan. Er zit ontzettend veel tijd in deze samenvatting en ik ben trots op het
eindresultaat. Ik vraag je dan ook deze samenvatting volgens de richtlijnen van Stuvia te gebruiken en
niet te delen met anderen.
Deze samenvatting geeft in het Nederlands uitgebreid weer wat er in dit boek beschreven staat. In de
samenvatting worden geen afbeeldingen gebruikt (wegens auteursrechten) en wordt er verwezen
naar figuren en tabellen uit het boek. Ik raad dan ook aan het boek erbij te houden want, ook al
verwijs ik er niet altijd naar, de afbeeldingen ondersteunen de tekst vaak erg goed. Daarnaast laat ik
de voorbeelden die in het boek beschrijven staan, (bijna altijd) uit de samenvatting. Deze zijn namelijk
door de schrijvers van het boek ondersteunend bedoeld en geven vaak geen nieuwe informatie. De
samenvatting kan uiteraard gebruikt worden in combinatie met andere versies van het boek, alleen
zal dan de nummering van hoofdstukken, paragrafen, figuren of tabellen niet altijd kloppen.
Ik heb de originele Engelse benaming van de hoofdstukken en paragrafen behouden. De rest van de
samenvatting is echter volledig in het Nederlands. Deze samenvatting is dan ook een goede
ondersteuning voor studenten die het (soms) lastig vinden om door de Engelse teksten in het boek
heen te komen.
Ik heb een mindmap gemaakt die het overzicht van het hele boek geeft in één afbeelding. Dit helpt je
de opbouw van het boek begrijpen. Het eerste hoofdstuk is niet verwerkt in deze mindmap, deze is
namelijk overkoepelend voor het hele boek.
Ik wens je ontzettend veel succes en plezier met het lezen en bestuderen van deze samenvatting!
1
,Inhoud
Inleiding................................................................................................................................................. 1
Chapter 1: Biology and its themes....................................................................................................... 11
1.1 The study of life reveals common themes..................................................................................11
1.2 The core theme: evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life........................................14
1.3 In studying nature, scientists form and test hypotheses.............................................................16
1.4 Science benefits from a cooperative approach and diverse viewpoints.....................................18
Chapter 2: Atoms and molecules......................................................................................................... 19
2.1 Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called compounds......19
2.2 An element’s properties depend on the structure of its atoms...................................................19
2.3 The formation and function of molecules and ionic compounds depend on chemical bonding
between atoms................................................................................................................................. 20
2.4 Chemical reactions make and break chemical bonds................................................................22
Chapter 3: The chemistry of water....................................................................................................... 23
3.1 Polar covalent bonds in water molecules result in hydrogen bonding........................................23
3.2 Four emergent properties of water contribute to Earth’s suitability for life..................................23
3.3 Acidic and basic conditions affect living organisms....................................................................25
Chapter 4: Carbon: the basis of molecular diversity.............................................................................26
4.1 Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds................................................................26
4.2 Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms...............................26
4.3 A few chemical groups are key to molecular function................................................................27
Chapter 5: Biological macromolecules and lipids.................................................................................28
5.1 Macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers.................................................................28
5.2 Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material....................................................................28
5.3 Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules................................................................29
5.4 Proteins include a diversity of structures, resulting in a wide range of functions........................30
5.5 Nucleic acids store, transmit, and help express hereditary information.....................................32
5.6 Genomics and proteomics have transformed biological inquiry and applications......................33
Chapter 6: Energy and life................................................................................................................... 34
6.1 An organism’s metabolism transforms matter and energy.........................................................34
6.2 The free-energy change of a reaction tells us whether or not the reaction occurs spontaneously
......................................................................................................................................................... 35
6.3 ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions.................35
6.4 Enzymes speed up metabolic reactions by lowering energy barriers.........................................36
6.5 Regulation of enzyme activity helps control metabolism............................................................38
Chapter 7: Cell structure and function.................................................................................................. 39
7.1 Biologists use microscopes and the tools of chemistry to study cells........................................39
7.2 Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions.....................39
7.3 The eukaryotic cell’s genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried out by the
ribosomes........................................................................................................................................ 41
2
, 7.4 The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the
cell................................................................................................................................................... 42
7.5 Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one form to another...................................43
7.6 The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in the cell........45
7.7 Extracellular components and connections between cells help coordinate cellular activities.....46
7.8 A cell is greater than the sum of its parts...................................................................................47
Chapter 8: Cell membranes................................................................................................................. 48
8.1 Cellular membranes are fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins.....................................................48
8.2 Membrane structure results in selective permeability................................................................49
8.3 Passive transport is diffusion of a substance across a membrane with no energy investment. .50
8.4 Active transport uses energy to move solutes against their gradients.......................................50
8.5 Bulk transport across the plasma membrane occurs by exocytosis and endocytosis................51
Chapter 9: Cellular signaling................................................................................................................ 52
9.1 External signals are converted to responses within the cell.......................................................52
9.2 Signal reception: A signaling molecule binds to a receptor, causing it to change shape...........52
9.3 Transduction: Cascades of molecular interactions transmit signals from receptors to relay
molecules in the cell......................................................................................................................... 54
9.4 Cellular response: Cell signaling leads to regulation of transcription or cytoplasmic activities...55
9.5 Apoptosis requires integration of multiple cell-signaling pathways.............................................56
Chapter 10: Cell respiration................................................................................................................. 57
10.1 Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic flues.....................................................57
10.2 Glycolysis harvest chemical energy by oxidizing glycose to pyruvate......................................59
10.3 After pyruvate is oxidized, the citric acid cycle completes the energy-yielding oxidation of
organic molecules............................................................................................................................ 60
10.4 During oxidative phosphorylation, chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthesis
......................................................................................................................................................... 61
10.5 Fermentation and anaerobic respiration enable cells to produce ATP without the use of
oxygen............................................................................................................................................. 63
10.6 Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle connect to many other metabolic pathways......................64
Chapter 11: Photosynthetic processes................................................................................................ 65
11.1 Photosynthesis feeds the biosphere........................................................................................ 65
11.2 Photosynthesis converts light energy to the chemical energy of food......................................65
11.3 The light reactions convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH.............66
11.4 The Calvin cycle uses the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH to reduce CO 2 to sugar........68
11.5 Alternative mechanisms of carbon fixation have evolved in hot, arid climates.........................69
11.6 Photosynthesis is essential for life on Earth: a review..............................................................70
Chapter 12: Mitosis.............................................................................................................................. 71
12.1 Most cell division results in genetically identical daughter cells...............................................71
12.2 The mitotic phase alternates with interphase in the cell cycle..................................................71
12.3 The eukaryotic cell cycle is regulated by a molecular control system......................................73
Chapter 13: Sexual life cycles and meiosis.......................................................................................... 75
3
