Test Bank for A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14th Edition by Patrick J. Hurley

TEST BANK A Concise Introduction to Logic 14th
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Editionby Hurley
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Chapter1 to 14 Xt Xt Xt




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,TABLE OF CONTENTS Xt Xt




Part I: INFORMAL LOGIC.
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1. Basic Concepts.
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Arguments, Premises, and Conclusions. Exercise. Recognizing Arguments. Exercise. Deduction and Induction. Exercise.
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lidity, Truth, Soundness, Strength, Cogency. Exercise. Argument Forms: Proving Invalidity. Exercise. Extended Arguments. Exercis
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2. Language: Meaning and Definition.
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Varieties of Meaning. Exercise. The Intension and Extension of Terms. Exercise. Definitions and Their Purposes. E
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cise. Definitional Techniques. Exercise. Criteria for Lexical Definitions. Exercise.
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3. Informal Fallacies.
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Fallacies in General. Exercise. Fallacies of Relevance. Exercise. Fallacies of Weak Induction. Exercise. Fallacies of Presumptio
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Ambiguity, and Illicit Transference. Exercise. Fallacies in Ordinary Language. Exercise.
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Part II: FORMAL LOGIC.
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4. Categorical Propositions.
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The Components of Categorical Propositions. Exercise. Quality, Quantity, and Distribution. Exercise. Venn Diagrams and th
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Modern Square of Opposition. Exercise. Conversion, Obversion, and Contraposition. Exercise. The Traditional Square
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Opposition. Exercise. Venn Diagrams and the Traditional Standpoint. Exercise. Translating Ordinary Language Statements i
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o Categorical Form. Exercise.
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5. Categorical Syllogisms.
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Standard Form, Mood, and Figure. Exercise. Venn Diagrams. Exercise. Rules and Fallacies. Exercise. Reducing the Numbe
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f Terms. Exercise. Ordinary Language Arguments. Exercise. Enthymemes. Exercise. Sorites. Exercise.
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6. Propositional Logic.
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Symbols and Translation. Exercise. Truth Functions. Exercise. Truth Tables for Propositions. Exercise. Truth Tables for Argumen
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Exercise. Indirect Truth Tables. Exercise. Argument Forms and Fallacies. Exercise.
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7. Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic.
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Rules of Implication I. Exercise. Rules of Implication II. Exercise. Rules of Replacement I. Exercise. Rules of Replacem
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t II. Exercise. Conditional Proof. Exercise. Indirect Proof. Exercise. Proving Logical Truths. Exercise.
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8. Predicate Logic.
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Symbols and Translation. Exercise. Using the Rules of Inference. Exercise. Quantifier Negation Rule. Exercise. Conditional
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d Indirect Proof. Exercise. Proving Invalidity. Exercise. Relational Predicates and Overlapping Quantifiers. Exercise. Ide
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y. Exercise.
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Part III: INDUCTIVE LOGIC.
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9. Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning.
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Analogical Reasoning. Legal Reasoning. Moral Reasoning. Exercise.
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10. Causality and Mill's Methods.
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,"Cause" and Necessary and Sufficient Conditions. Mill's Five Methods. Mill's Methods and Science. Exercise.
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11. Probability.
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Theories of Probability. The Probability Calculus. Exercise.
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12. Statistical Reasoning.
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Evaluating Statistics. Samples. The Meaning of "Average." Dispersion. Graphs and Pictograms. Percentages. Exercise.
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13. Hypothetical/Scientific Reasoning.
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The Hypothetical Method. Hypothetical Reasoning: Four Examples from Science. The Proof of Hypotheses. The T
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tative Acceptance of Hypotheses. Exercise.
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14. Science and Superstition.
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Distinguishing Between Science and Superstition. Evidentiary Support. Objectivity. Integrity. Abusing Science. Exercise.
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X t Answers to Selected Exercises.
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, Chapter 1 Test A Xt Xt Xt




MULTIPLE CHOICE Xt




INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments from nonarguments Xt Xt Xt Xt Xt Xt Xt Xt Xt X t


and identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for each.
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1. There appears to be a growing happiness gap between men and women. Women today
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are workingXt


more and relaxing less, while men are working less and relaxing more. Forty years ago a typ
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ical
woman spent 40 minutes more per week than the typical man performing an activity conside
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red
cu.n plAeragsuamnte. nTto;dcoanyc,luwsitohn:mFeonrtwyoyrekianrgs laegsso, t.h..eagnaapctisvi9ty0 cmoinsuidt esreadnd growing. u
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an.p l eAar gs au nmt e. nt; conclusion: Today ... the gap is 90 minutes and growing.
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bd . A Nrognuamrgeunm
t; ecnotn. clu sion: There appears to be ... between men and women.
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e. AANr gSu: m De n t ; conclusion: Women today are working more and relaxing
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less. PTS: 2

2. Lead is toxic, but do you know why? Lead is toxic mainly because it preferentially replaces othe
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r metals in biochemical reactions. In so doing it interferes with the proteins that regulate blood p
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ressure
(which can cause development delays in children and high blood pressure in adults), heme
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production
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(which can lead to anemia), and sperm production. Lead also displaces calcium in the reactions
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tah.at Argument; conclusion: It interferes with the proteins ... and sperm production.
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tbr.ansAmrgit ueml ecntr;i caolnicmlupsuiolsne: sLeinatdheis btoraxinc., which diminishes the ability to think and recall information.
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a. Nonargument. Anne Marie Helmstine, "Your Guide to Chemistry" Xt Xt Xt Xt Xt Xt


b. Argument; conclusion: It preferentially replaces other metals in biochemical Xt Xt Xt Xt Xt Xt Xt Xt


reactions.
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c. Argument; conclusion: Lead also displaces calcium ... recall information. Xt Xt Xt Xt Xt Xt Xt Xt

ANS: C PTS: 2
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3. Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself. He argued that it was virtuous t
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o choose the
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proper amount of emotion and/or action called for in a particular situation and that extremes of e
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motion and action were vices. In all communities there are some men of practical wisdom who h
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ave
the capacity to judge wisely. Aristotle argued thData vthideyChoaovperth, eVaclaupe aPcliut ryatl iosmfoallnodwEthheica" rl igChhtoice rau.le"A
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ment; conclusion: In all communities ... capacity to judge wisely. bw.ha Atervgeurmt ehent;sictuoan tcilounsi. on: Aristo
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ocused on clarifying the concept of virtue
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itself.
a. Argument; conclusion: They have the capacity to follow ... the situation. Xt Xt Xt Xt Xt Xt Xt Xt Xt Xt


b. Argument; conclusion: He argued that it was virtuous ... were vices Xt Xt Xt Xt Xt Xt Xt Xt Xt Xt

c. Nonargument.
ANS: E PTS: 2
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4. Illegal immigrants pay local sales taxes, and many of them also pay state, local, and feder
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al income tax
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and Social Security tax. They also purchase items from local merchants, increasing the amount t
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hese
merchants pay in taxes. In addition, they work for low salaries, which increases the earnings of tah.eirArg
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ent; conclusion: It is not correct to say ... communities in which they live.
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employers and the amount of taxes these employers pay. Thus, it is not correct to say that illegal
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immigrants contribute nothing to the communities in which they live.
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