Biology 117 Final Exam questions with
complete solutions
Which type of reproduction creates offspring with the highest amount of genetic diversity,
sexual or asexual reproduction? Why? - ANS ✔✔Sexual reproduction (fusion of haploid gametes
to form diploid zygote) because asexual reproduction produces offspring that are genetically
identical to parent
What is budding? - ANS ✔✔offspring form on or in the parent via mitosis
when fully formed, offspring break free of the parent
ex/ occurs in hydra
What is fission? - ANS ✔✔parent splits in two
ex/ occurs in anemones
What is parthenogenesis? - ANS ✔✔female offspring develop from unfertilized eggs
ex/ occurs in lizards
What occurs for external fertilization to be successful? - ANS ✔✔occurs in a moist environment
union of sperm and eggs require cooperative behavior
produce and release many gametes
Internal fertilization - ANS ✔✔Fewer eggs
require specialized reproductive systems for the transport of gametes and copulation
gonads produce the gametes
several tubes and glands to transport and protect gametes
,Which hormones are produced by the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary that triggers puberty
in both male and female humans? - ANS ✔✔LH (leuteinizing hormone)
FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)
produce testosterone in males or estradiol in females
What are the terms used to describe the cells produced in each stage of male gametogenesis? -
ANS ✔✔spermatogonium (2n) --> primary spermatocyte (2n) --> secondary spermatocyte (n) --
> spermatids (n) --> mature sperm cells (n)
What occurs between each stage of male gametogenesis? - ANS ✔✔mitosis and differentiation
meiosis I
meiosis II
How many functional gametes are produced from one diploid germ cell in male gametogenesis?
- ANS ✔✔4
Are all cells produced the same size in male gametogenesis? - ANS ✔✔yes
What hormone do leydig cells produce and what is their function? - ANS ✔✔testosterone
What hormone do sertoli cells produce and what is their function? - ANS ✔✔inhibin
In what structure do sperm cells mature, become motile, and gain the ability to fertilize? - ANS
✔✔Epididymis
, What are the terms used to describe the cells produced in each stage in female gametogenesis?
- ANS ✔✔oogonium (2n) --> primary oocyte (2n) --> secondary oocyte + polar body (n) --> ootid
(n) --> mature egg cell/ovum (n)
What occurs between each stage in female gametogenesis? - ANS ✔✔mitosis and
differentiation
meiosis I
meiosis II
How many functional gametes are produced from one diploid germ cell in female
gametogenesis? - ANS ✔✔1
Are all cells produced the same size in female gametogenesis? - ANS ✔✔yes
What is the functional unit of the ovary? - ANS ✔✔the follicle
What occurs between the follicular phase and luteal phase of the menstrual cycle? - ANS
✔✔ovulation
How does countercurrent exchange bring oxygen to a fetus developing inside a placenta? - ANS
✔✔oxygen rich hemoglobin comes in and delivers oxygen to fetus, oxygen poor goes out
Are there any differences between adult human hemoglobin and fetal hemoglobin? - ANS
✔✔adult hemoglobin has lower affinity for oxygen than fetal hemoglobin
What are lysozymes? - ANS ✔✔antibacterial enzyme
How do ciliated cells provide a defense against pathogens? - ANS ✔✔sweep pathogens that get
stuck in our airways either down to the stomach or out of the nose
complete solutions
Which type of reproduction creates offspring with the highest amount of genetic diversity,
sexual or asexual reproduction? Why? - ANS ✔✔Sexual reproduction (fusion of haploid gametes
to form diploid zygote) because asexual reproduction produces offspring that are genetically
identical to parent
What is budding? - ANS ✔✔offspring form on or in the parent via mitosis
when fully formed, offspring break free of the parent
ex/ occurs in hydra
What is fission? - ANS ✔✔parent splits in two
ex/ occurs in anemones
What is parthenogenesis? - ANS ✔✔female offspring develop from unfertilized eggs
ex/ occurs in lizards
What occurs for external fertilization to be successful? - ANS ✔✔occurs in a moist environment
union of sperm and eggs require cooperative behavior
produce and release many gametes
Internal fertilization - ANS ✔✔Fewer eggs
require specialized reproductive systems for the transport of gametes and copulation
gonads produce the gametes
several tubes and glands to transport and protect gametes
,Which hormones are produced by the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary that triggers puberty
in both male and female humans? - ANS ✔✔LH (leuteinizing hormone)
FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)
produce testosterone in males or estradiol in females
What are the terms used to describe the cells produced in each stage of male gametogenesis? -
ANS ✔✔spermatogonium (2n) --> primary spermatocyte (2n) --> secondary spermatocyte (n) --
> spermatids (n) --> mature sperm cells (n)
What occurs between each stage of male gametogenesis? - ANS ✔✔mitosis and differentiation
meiosis I
meiosis II
How many functional gametes are produced from one diploid germ cell in male gametogenesis?
- ANS ✔✔4
Are all cells produced the same size in male gametogenesis? - ANS ✔✔yes
What hormone do leydig cells produce and what is their function? - ANS ✔✔testosterone
What hormone do sertoli cells produce and what is their function? - ANS ✔✔inhibin
In what structure do sperm cells mature, become motile, and gain the ability to fertilize? - ANS
✔✔Epididymis
, What are the terms used to describe the cells produced in each stage in female gametogenesis?
- ANS ✔✔oogonium (2n) --> primary oocyte (2n) --> secondary oocyte + polar body (n) --> ootid
(n) --> mature egg cell/ovum (n)
What occurs between each stage in female gametogenesis? - ANS ✔✔mitosis and
differentiation
meiosis I
meiosis II
How many functional gametes are produced from one diploid germ cell in female
gametogenesis? - ANS ✔✔1
Are all cells produced the same size in female gametogenesis? - ANS ✔✔yes
What is the functional unit of the ovary? - ANS ✔✔the follicle
What occurs between the follicular phase and luteal phase of the menstrual cycle? - ANS
✔✔ovulation
How does countercurrent exchange bring oxygen to a fetus developing inside a placenta? - ANS
✔✔oxygen rich hemoglobin comes in and delivers oxygen to fetus, oxygen poor goes out
Are there any differences between adult human hemoglobin and fetal hemoglobin? - ANS
✔✔adult hemoglobin has lower affinity for oxygen than fetal hemoglobin
What are lysozymes? - ANS ✔✔antibacterial enzyme
How do ciliated cells provide a defense against pathogens? - ANS ✔✔sweep pathogens that get
stuck in our airways either down to the stomach or out of the nose
