NURS 611 EXAM 1 PATHO ACTUAL
EXAM 2024 NEWEST EXAM
COMPLETE 150 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
|ALREADY GRADED A+ (MARYVILLE
UNIVERSITY)
A programmed cell death - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔What is Apoptosis?
Death of most or all of the cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury, or failure of the blood
supply. - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔What is necrosis?
1) Rapid loss of of the plasma membrane structure
2) Organelle swelling
3) Mitochondrial dysfunction - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Characteristics of tissue necrosis
,What is the #1 major cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis. (especially the kidney and heart) -
CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Hypoxia
Is an increase in the size of cells - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔What is hypertrophy?
Hypertrophy of myocardial cells such as in endurance training - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Physiologic
hypertrophy
Occurs secondary to HTN - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Pathologic hypertrophy
Increase in the number of cells - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔What is Hyperplasia
Endometrial hyperplasia - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Pathological hyperplasia
Removal of 70% of the liver- can regenerate in about 2 weeks - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Compensatory
hyperplasia
Replacement of cells - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔What is Metaplasia
Normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the brohchial lining have been replaced by stratified
squamous epithelial cells - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Example of Metaplasia
Reduction in ATP levels causes the plasma membrane's sodium-potassium pump and sodium-calcium
exchange to fail, which leads to an intracellular accumulation of sodium and calcium and diffusion of
potassium out of the cell. Sodium and water then can enter the cell freely, and cellular swelling results. -
CORRECT ANSWER✔✔During ischemia, what effect does the loss of the ATP levels have on cells?
These reactive oxygen species play major roles in the initiation and progression of cardiovascular
alterations associated with hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ischemic heart diseases, and
chronic heart failure. - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and
progression of which diseases?
, Electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an unpaired electron. - CORRECT
ANSWER✔✔What are free radicals?
Having one unpaired electron makes the molecule unstable; thus to stabilize, it gives up an electron to
another molecule or steals one. - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔How are free radicals formed?
Are capable of injurious chemical bond formation with proteins, lipids, carbohydrates - key molecules in
membranes and nucleic acids. - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Free radical species
Enzymatic digestion of cellular organelles, including the nucleus and nucleolus, halting synthesis of DNA
and RNA - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔What are the Lysosomes?
membrane-bound organelles in most Eukaryotic cells, primarily involved in lipid metabolism and the
conversion of reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide into safer molecules like water and
oxygen - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔What are peroxisomes?
Liver enzymes metabolize ethanol to acetaldehyde which causes hepatic cellular dysfunction.
Peroxisomes help detoxify ethanol. - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔How does the body metabolize Ethanol
DNA - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Which cell component is the most vulnerable target of radiation?
Muscular atrophy - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔What is Sarcopenia
- Increased peripheral vascular resistance
- Decreased production of HCL and delayed emptying of the stomach
- Decreased immune response - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔What are some example of aging of
cell/tissues
Headache, thirst, dry skin, and mucous membranes, elevated temperature, weight loss, and decreased
or concentrated urine. Skin turgor may be normal or decreased. S/sx of hypovolemia, including
EXAM 2024 NEWEST EXAM
COMPLETE 150 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS
|ALREADY GRADED A+ (MARYVILLE
UNIVERSITY)
A programmed cell death - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔What is Apoptosis?
Death of most or all of the cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury, or failure of the blood
supply. - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔What is necrosis?
1) Rapid loss of of the plasma membrane structure
2) Organelle swelling
3) Mitochondrial dysfunction - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Characteristics of tissue necrosis
,What is the #1 major cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis. (especially the kidney and heart) -
CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Hypoxia
Is an increase in the size of cells - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔What is hypertrophy?
Hypertrophy of myocardial cells such as in endurance training - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Physiologic
hypertrophy
Occurs secondary to HTN - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Pathologic hypertrophy
Increase in the number of cells - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔What is Hyperplasia
Endometrial hyperplasia - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Pathological hyperplasia
Removal of 70% of the liver- can regenerate in about 2 weeks - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Compensatory
hyperplasia
Replacement of cells - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔What is Metaplasia
Normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the brohchial lining have been replaced by stratified
squamous epithelial cells - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Example of Metaplasia
Reduction in ATP levels causes the plasma membrane's sodium-potassium pump and sodium-calcium
exchange to fail, which leads to an intracellular accumulation of sodium and calcium and diffusion of
potassium out of the cell. Sodium and water then can enter the cell freely, and cellular swelling results. -
CORRECT ANSWER✔✔During ischemia, what effect does the loss of the ATP levels have on cells?
These reactive oxygen species play major roles in the initiation and progression of cardiovascular
alterations associated with hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ischemic heart diseases, and
chronic heart failure. - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and
progression of which diseases?
, Electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an unpaired electron. - CORRECT
ANSWER✔✔What are free radicals?
Having one unpaired electron makes the molecule unstable; thus to stabilize, it gives up an electron to
another molecule or steals one. - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔How are free radicals formed?
Are capable of injurious chemical bond formation with proteins, lipids, carbohydrates - key molecules in
membranes and nucleic acids. - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Free radical species
Enzymatic digestion of cellular organelles, including the nucleus and nucleolus, halting synthesis of DNA
and RNA - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔What are the Lysosomes?
membrane-bound organelles in most Eukaryotic cells, primarily involved in lipid metabolism and the
conversion of reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide into safer molecules like water and
oxygen - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔What are peroxisomes?
Liver enzymes metabolize ethanol to acetaldehyde which causes hepatic cellular dysfunction.
Peroxisomes help detoxify ethanol. - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔How does the body metabolize Ethanol
DNA - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔Which cell component is the most vulnerable target of radiation?
Muscular atrophy - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔What is Sarcopenia
- Increased peripheral vascular resistance
- Decreased production of HCL and delayed emptying of the stomach
- Decreased immune response - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔What are some example of aging of
cell/tissues
Headache, thirst, dry skin, and mucous membranes, elevated temperature, weight loss, and decreased
or concentrated urine. Skin turgor may be normal or decreased. S/sx of hypovolemia, including
