NU 606: Exam 6 Gould's
Pathophysiology Chapter 14 Latest
Test Questions 2025\2026 All Solved
Correct.
meninges and the spaces between the layers. - Answer dura mater: outer layer; subdural
space: beneath the dura; arachnoid; subarachnoid space: below the arachnoid—contains
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); pia mater: closest to the brain
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) main function and which structure forms the CSF? - Answer The CSF
provides a cushion for the brain and spinal cord and is produced by the choroid plexuses located
in the ventricles.
Neurotransmitter that is acting at:
i. the neuromuscular junction but also in the central nervous system:
ii. preganglionic synapse of the autonomic nervous system:
iii. postsynaptic synapses of the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems: - Answer i.
Acetylcholine (ACh)
ii. Ach
iii. PNS is ACh, SNS is norepinephrine
autonomic nervous system sympathetic branch:
i. heart:
ii. adrenal medulla:
iii. respiratory system:
iv. eye:
v. digestive system function: - Answer i. increased heart rate
ii. secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine
iii. bronchodilation
iv. pupil dilation
v. decreased
, Brain death: Name criteria that are generally used in the diagnosis of brain death, and explain
how this diagnosis is made. - Answer cessation of brain function (e.g., flat or inactive EEG),
absence of brainstem reflexes or responses, absence of spontaneous respirations without
ventilator assistance, certainty of irreversible brain damage by confirmation of the cause of the
dysfunction
Aphasia, and briefly describe the three main types, including areas of the brain affected. -
Answer Aphasia refers to an inability to comprehend or express language. Types: i. Expressive,
or motor aphasia: impaired ability to speak or write fluently or appropriately. Areas of the brain
affected: Broca's area of frontal lobe, inferior motor cortex. ii. Receptive, or sensory aphasia:
inability to read or understand the spoken word. Area of brain affected: Wernicke's area in the
left temporal lobe. iii. Global aphasia: generally describes a combination of expressive and
receptive aphasia. Areas of the brain affected: any major damage to the brain including Broca's
and Wernicke's areas and communicating fibers.
intracranial pressure: Identify conditions in which increased intracranial pressure may develop. -
Answer brain hemor- rhage, trauma, cerebral edema, infection, tumors, or accumulation of
excessive amounts of CSF
intracranial pressure: Describe the consequences of increased intracranial pressure. - Answer
• increase in pressure in the brain • decrease in arterial blood flow into the "high pressure" area
• pressure increases at the site of the problem initially but gradually is dispersed throughout the
CNS • brain compression • decrease in functionality of neurons, both locally and generally •
brain death
intracranial pressure: manifestations of increased intracranial pressure, explaining why each one
occurs. - Answer Early manifestations: • decreasing level of consciousness or responsiveness
(lethargy); pressure on RAS (brainstem) or cerebral cortex • severe headache; stretching or
distortion of meninges or walls of large blood vessels • vomiting; pressure on emetic center in
medulla • increasing blood pressure with increasing pulse pressure; Cushing reflex, response to
cerebral ischemia causes systemic vasoconstriction • slow heart rate; response to increasing
blood pressure • papilledema; increased pressure of CSF causes swelling around the optic disc •
pupil becomes fixed and dilated on ipsilateral side of lesion initially; eventually, both pupils
become fixed and dilated; pressure on cranial nerve III (oculomotor)
brain tumors: Manifestations of brain tumors, whether they originate in the brain or are
metastatic tumors, are primarily caused by their space-occupying effect and the replacement of
normal tissue by tumor cells. Summarize the potential generalized manifestations of brain
tumors (i.e., nonfocal). TIAs and CVAs - Answer signs of increased intracranial pressure, often
beginning with morning headaches that increase in severity and frequency; vomiting; and
lethargy and irritability; focal or generalized seizures may be the first sign
Pathophysiology Chapter 14 Latest
Test Questions 2025\2026 All Solved
Correct.
meninges and the spaces between the layers. - Answer dura mater: outer layer; subdural
space: beneath the dura; arachnoid; subarachnoid space: below the arachnoid—contains
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); pia mater: closest to the brain
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) main function and which structure forms the CSF? - Answer The CSF
provides a cushion for the brain and spinal cord and is produced by the choroid plexuses located
in the ventricles.
Neurotransmitter that is acting at:
i. the neuromuscular junction but also in the central nervous system:
ii. preganglionic synapse of the autonomic nervous system:
iii. postsynaptic synapses of the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems: - Answer i.
Acetylcholine (ACh)
ii. Ach
iii. PNS is ACh, SNS is norepinephrine
autonomic nervous system sympathetic branch:
i. heart:
ii. adrenal medulla:
iii. respiratory system:
iv. eye:
v. digestive system function: - Answer i. increased heart rate
ii. secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine
iii. bronchodilation
iv. pupil dilation
v. decreased
, Brain death: Name criteria that are generally used in the diagnosis of brain death, and explain
how this diagnosis is made. - Answer cessation of brain function (e.g., flat or inactive EEG),
absence of brainstem reflexes or responses, absence of spontaneous respirations without
ventilator assistance, certainty of irreversible brain damage by confirmation of the cause of the
dysfunction
Aphasia, and briefly describe the three main types, including areas of the brain affected. -
Answer Aphasia refers to an inability to comprehend or express language. Types: i. Expressive,
or motor aphasia: impaired ability to speak or write fluently or appropriately. Areas of the brain
affected: Broca's area of frontal lobe, inferior motor cortex. ii. Receptive, or sensory aphasia:
inability to read or understand the spoken word. Area of brain affected: Wernicke's area in the
left temporal lobe. iii. Global aphasia: generally describes a combination of expressive and
receptive aphasia. Areas of the brain affected: any major damage to the brain including Broca's
and Wernicke's areas and communicating fibers.
intracranial pressure: Identify conditions in which increased intracranial pressure may develop. -
Answer brain hemor- rhage, trauma, cerebral edema, infection, tumors, or accumulation of
excessive amounts of CSF
intracranial pressure: Describe the consequences of increased intracranial pressure. - Answer
• increase in pressure in the brain • decrease in arterial blood flow into the "high pressure" area
• pressure increases at the site of the problem initially but gradually is dispersed throughout the
CNS • brain compression • decrease in functionality of neurons, both locally and generally •
brain death
intracranial pressure: manifestations of increased intracranial pressure, explaining why each one
occurs. - Answer Early manifestations: • decreasing level of consciousness or responsiveness
(lethargy); pressure on RAS (brainstem) or cerebral cortex • severe headache; stretching or
distortion of meninges or walls of large blood vessels • vomiting; pressure on emetic center in
medulla • increasing blood pressure with increasing pulse pressure; Cushing reflex, response to
cerebral ischemia causes systemic vasoconstriction • slow heart rate; response to increasing
blood pressure • papilledema; increased pressure of CSF causes swelling around the optic disc •
pupil becomes fixed and dilated on ipsilateral side of lesion initially; eventually, both pupils
become fixed and dilated; pressure on cranial nerve III (oculomotor)
brain tumors: Manifestations of brain tumors, whether they originate in the brain or are
metastatic tumors, are primarily caused by their space-occupying effect and the replacement of
normal tissue by tumor cells. Summarize the potential generalized manifestations of brain
tumors (i.e., nonfocal). TIAs and CVAs - Answer signs of increased intracranial pressure, often
beginning with morning headaches that increase in severity and frequency; vomiting; and
lethargy and irritability; focal or generalized seizures may be the first sign
