NHA CET EVALUATION TEST EXAN 2025/2026
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+ TIP
✔✔living will and power or attorney - ✔✔forms of advance directives and usually cover
specific directives as to the treatment provided by caregivers.
✔✔abuse - ✔✔of any person who is incapable of self-protection is punishable by law.
could be physical, psychological or sexual.
✔✔Chain of custody - ✔✔reflects a timed written record of different individuals who
have custody of a test or item from its initial acquisition until its final deposition in court
as evidence. For medical test results this is maintained until there is an official
disclosure of the results.
✔✔pathogen - ✔✔disease causing microorganism
✔✔nosocomial infections - ✔✔infections acquired in a medical environment
✔✔agents - ✔✔infectious microorganisms
✔✔reservoir host - ✔✔the person that keeps the disease alive and transmits it to others.
Sick individuals are the most common
✔✔portal of exit - ✔✔the method by which an infectious agent leaves its reservoir.
Standard precautions and transmission-based precautions are control measures aimed
at preventing the spread of the disease as infections agents exit the reservoir.
✔✔mode of transmission - ✔✔specific ways in which microorganisms travel from the
reservoir to the susceptible host. Direct way is from one person to another. The indirect
way of transmission is from a person to an animal (vector) to a thing (fomit) to another
person.
✔✔portal of entry - ✔✔allows the infectious agent access to the susceptible host.
Common entry sites are broken skin, mucous membranes, body systems exposed to
the external environment such as respiratory, gastrointestinal, and reproductive
✔✔susceptible host - ✔✔the infectious agent enters a person who is not resistant or
immune. Control at this level is directed towards the identification of the patients at risk,
treat the underlying condition of their susceptibility, or isolate them from the source of
infection.
✔✔Immune system - ✔✔the main body defense mechanism against infection
, ✔✔Universal precautions - ✔✔infection control practices used to prevent blood borne
infections
✔✔standard precautions - ✔✔intend to protect al health care providers, patients and
their visitors or family members from infectious diseases.
✔✔urinary functions - ✔✔elimination of nitrogenous waste
✔✔mediastenum - ✔✔thoracic cavity between the lungs that houses the heart
✔✔Base - ✔✔located at the level of the second intercostal space
✔✔apex - ✔✔located at the level of the 5th intercostal and mid-clavicular line on the left
✔✔endocardium - ✔✔the innermost layer of the heart and forms the lining and folds
back onto itself to form the heart valves
✔✔chordae tendinae - ✔✔string of connective tissue that keep in place the AV valves
✔✔what layer is the hearts conduction system embedded? - ✔✔endocardium
✔✔myocardium - ✔✔middle and contractile layer of the heart.
✔✔what is the myocardium made up of - ✔✔intercalated disks
✔✔what ion is there a high concentration of in the interstitial spaces of the myocardium
that influences the force of the muscle contraction? - ✔✔calcium
✔✔heart skeleton - ✔✔made up of four rings of thick connective tissue surround the
base of the heart and large vessels
create the cardiac septum
provide a solid connection between the heart chambers and a strong attachment for the
heart valves
✔✔pericardium - ✔✔outermost layer of the heart
✔✔what attatches with ligament to the spinal column and diaphragm to fix the heart in
place - ✔✔pericardium
✔✔parietal pericardium - ✔✔outer layer of the pericardium
✔✔visceral pericardium or epicardium - ✔✔inner layer of the pericardium
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+ TIP
✔✔living will and power or attorney - ✔✔forms of advance directives and usually cover
specific directives as to the treatment provided by caregivers.
✔✔abuse - ✔✔of any person who is incapable of self-protection is punishable by law.
could be physical, psychological or sexual.
✔✔Chain of custody - ✔✔reflects a timed written record of different individuals who
have custody of a test or item from its initial acquisition until its final deposition in court
as evidence. For medical test results this is maintained until there is an official
disclosure of the results.
✔✔pathogen - ✔✔disease causing microorganism
✔✔nosocomial infections - ✔✔infections acquired in a medical environment
✔✔agents - ✔✔infectious microorganisms
✔✔reservoir host - ✔✔the person that keeps the disease alive and transmits it to others.
Sick individuals are the most common
✔✔portal of exit - ✔✔the method by which an infectious agent leaves its reservoir.
Standard precautions and transmission-based precautions are control measures aimed
at preventing the spread of the disease as infections agents exit the reservoir.
✔✔mode of transmission - ✔✔specific ways in which microorganisms travel from the
reservoir to the susceptible host. Direct way is from one person to another. The indirect
way of transmission is from a person to an animal (vector) to a thing (fomit) to another
person.
✔✔portal of entry - ✔✔allows the infectious agent access to the susceptible host.
Common entry sites are broken skin, mucous membranes, body systems exposed to
the external environment such as respiratory, gastrointestinal, and reproductive
✔✔susceptible host - ✔✔the infectious agent enters a person who is not resistant or
immune. Control at this level is directed towards the identification of the patients at risk,
treat the underlying condition of their susceptibility, or isolate them from the source of
infection.
✔✔Immune system - ✔✔the main body defense mechanism against infection
, ✔✔Universal precautions - ✔✔infection control practices used to prevent blood borne
infections
✔✔standard precautions - ✔✔intend to protect al health care providers, patients and
their visitors or family members from infectious diseases.
✔✔urinary functions - ✔✔elimination of nitrogenous waste
✔✔mediastenum - ✔✔thoracic cavity between the lungs that houses the heart
✔✔Base - ✔✔located at the level of the second intercostal space
✔✔apex - ✔✔located at the level of the 5th intercostal and mid-clavicular line on the left
✔✔endocardium - ✔✔the innermost layer of the heart and forms the lining and folds
back onto itself to form the heart valves
✔✔chordae tendinae - ✔✔string of connective tissue that keep in place the AV valves
✔✔what layer is the hearts conduction system embedded? - ✔✔endocardium
✔✔myocardium - ✔✔middle and contractile layer of the heart.
✔✔what is the myocardium made up of - ✔✔intercalated disks
✔✔what ion is there a high concentration of in the interstitial spaces of the myocardium
that influences the force of the muscle contraction? - ✔✔calcium
✔✔heart skeleton - ✔✔made up of four rings of thick connective tissue surround the
base of the heart and large vessels
create the cardiac septum
provide a solid connection between the heart chambers and a strong attachment for the
heart valves
✔✔pericardium - ✔✔outermost layer of the heart
✔✔what attatches with ligament to the spinal column and diaphragm to fix the heart in
place - ✔✔pericardium
✔✔parietal pericardium - ✔✔outer layer of the pericardium
✔✔visceral pericardium or epicardium - ✔✔inner layer of the pericardium
