LVN LEVEL II EXAM 2 ch 46 fluids
acid/base questions well answered
sensible water loss - ANS ✔✔urine and sweat, visible or measurable and occurs in the form of
urine, sweat and feces, emesis
insensible water loss - ANS ✔✔Loss of fluid from the body by evaporation, such as that which
normally occurs during respiration, water loss that is not visible, skin (not sweating) or lungs
during exhalation
metabolic and respiratory rate in children <2 yo is - ANS ✔✔higher increased insensible losses
decreased ability of kidneys to conserve water and excrete solutes such as sodium
intracellular fluid - ANS ✔✔liquid contained inside the cell membranes (usually containing
dissolved solutes)
fluid inside the cells
extracellular fluid - ANS ✔✔liquid containing proteins and electrolytes including the liquid in
blood plasma and interstitial fluid,
all body fluid other than that contained within cells; includes plasma and interstitial fluid
intravascular - ANS ✔✔Fluid within the blood vessels (One of the extracellular fluid
compartments)
interstitial fluid - ANS ✔✔liquid found between the cells of the body that provides much of the
liquid environment of the body
fluid in the spaces between cells
,larger extracellular fluid volume than children and adults
high daily fluid requirement
little fluid volume reserve - ANS ✔✔neonates and young infants- special considerations for body
fluids
lose a greater proportion of fluid daily- more dependent on fluid intake
greater amt of skin surface proportionately- increased insensible losses - ANS ✔✔<2yo
metabolic and respiratory rate, increased insensible losses
dehydrate easily during physical exercise, esp in hot weather - ANS ✔✔older children
poorly regulated in infants and young children - ANS ✔✔sodium and calcium
rt sided heart failure causes - ANS ✔✔edema
osmolality - ANS ✔✔The concentration of a solution determined by the number of dissolved
particles per kilogram of water; controls water movement and distribution in the body fluid
compartments.
aldosterone - ANS ✔✔sodium and water retention
ADH - ANS ✔✔water retention
hypertonic dehydration - ANS ✔✔Loss of water from body exceeds that of electrolytes
(sodium). Water left in body is hypertonic (contains more solutes than water) - ex. diabetes
insipidis
, hypotonic dehydration - ANS ✔✔Loss of electrolytes from body exceeds that of water lost -
water remaining in body is in high concentration (becomes hypotonic)
etiology of dehydration in children - ANS ✔✔diarrhea (5 mil deaths from dehydration
worldwide)
vomiting- nasogastric tubes
hemorrhage
burns
pathophysiology of dehydration - ANS ✔✔initial of dehydration- (1st 3 days)
--most of fluid loss (80%) is from extracellular fluid compartment
--20% is from intracellular fluid compartment
BP low
HR ^
TX of dehydration - ANS ✔✔oral rehydration
IV fluid replacement
--choice of fluid
--amt of fluid
K is not added until adequate urination happens-- due to risk of hyperkalemia
monitor and reassess often
wt
labs---BUN, and serum bicarb
extracellular fluid volume excess = - ANS ✔✔edema
---excess fluid in the intravascular and interstitial compartments
acid/base questions well answered
sensible water loss - ANS ✔✔urine and sweat, visible or measurable and occurs in the form of
urine, sweat and feces, emesis
insensible water loss - ANS ✔✔Loss of fluid from the body by evaporation, such as that which
normally occurs during respiration, water loss that is not visible, skin (not sweating) or lungs
during exhalation
metabolic and respiratory rate in children <2 yo is - ANS ✔✔higher increased insensible losses
decreased ability of kidneys to conserve water and excrete solutes such as sodium
intracellular fluid - ANS ✔✔liquid contained inside the cell membranes (usually containing
dissolved solutes)
fluid inside the cells
extracellular fluid - ANS ✔✔liquid containing proteins and electrolytes including the liquid in
blood plasma and interstitial fluid,
all body fluid other than that contained within cells; includes plasma and interstitial fluid
intravascular - ANS ✔✔Fluid within the blood vessels (One of the extracellular fluid
compartments)
interstitial fluid - ANS ✔✔liquid found between the cells of the body that provides much of the
liquid environment of the body
fluid in the spaces between cells
,larger extracellular fluid volume than children and adults
high daily fluid requirement
little fluid volume reserve - ANS ✔✔neonates and young infants- special considerations for body
fluids
lose a greater proportion of fluid daily- more dependent on fluid intake
greater amt of skin surface proportionately- increased insensible losses - ANS ✔✔<2yo
metabolic and respiratory rate, increased insensible losses
dehydrate easily during physical exercise, esp in hot weather - ANS ✔✔older children
poorly regulated in infants and young children - ANS ✔✔sodium and calcium
rt sided heart failure causes - ANS ✔✔edema
osmolality - ANS ✔✔The concentration of a solution determined by the number of dissolved
particles per kilogram of water; controls water movement and distribution in the body fluid
compartments.
aldosterone - ANS ✔✔sodium and water retention
ADH - ANS ✔✔water retention
hypertonic dehydration - ANS ✔✔Loss of water from body exceeds that of electrolytes
(sodium). Water left in body is hypertonic (contains more solutes than water) - ex. diabetes
insipidis
, hypotonic dehydration - ANS ✔✔Loss of electrolytes from body exceeds that of water lost -
water remaining in body is in high concentration (becomes hypotonic)
etiology of dehydration in children - ANS ✔✔diarrhea (5 mil deaths from dehydration
worldwide)
vomiting- nasogastric tubes
hemorrhage
burns
pathophysiology of dehydration - ANS ✔✔initial of dehydration- (1st 3 days)
--most of fluid loss (80%) is from extracellular fluid compartment
--20% is from intracellular fluid compartment
BP low
HR ^
TX of dehydration - ANS ✔✔oral rehydration
IV fluid replacement
--choice of fluid
--amt of fluid
K is not added until adequate urination happens-- due to risk of hyperkalemia
monitor and reassess often
wt
labs---BUN, and serum bicarb
extracellular fluid volume excess = - ANS ✔✔edema
---excess fluid in the intravascular and interstitial compartments
