lOMoAR cPSD| 19500986lOM oARcPSD| 19500986
BIOS 252 Midterm Exam 2024 / BIOS252 Midterm Exam (Review
and Essay Question Answer) Anatomy and Physiology II with
Lab: Chamberlain College of Nursing
A&P 1 Midterm Study Guide
Exam Format:
35 Multiple choice @ 3 pts 4 Pick all that apply @ 5 pts 15 Fill in the blank @ 2 pts 1 essay @ 15 pts
Ch. 1
Anatomy
• “Cutting things up.” Structure of the body and how the parts relate to each other in space.
Physiology
• “Study of nature.” Function of a living organism, how it works, and maintains life.
Levels of organization (molecular, cellular, tissue level, etc.)
• Chemical/molecular level: atoms and molecules
• Cellular level: cells – basic structural unit of life, smallest living unit
• Tissue level: tissues are groups of cells that work together to perform a particular function
• Organ Level: organ is a collection of tissues
• Organ System: several levels
• Organism level: the human body
, lOMoARcPSD| 19500986
Homeostasis (give examples, thermoregulation, water regulation, blood pressure regulation)
• Condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment, and maintained by regulatory
processes.
• Survival of our body cells is dependent on the precise regulation of the chemical composition of
their surrounding fluid o Fluid known as extracellular fluid, and fluid that fills narrow spaces
between cells is interstitial fluid.
Other types are blood plasma, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, aqueous
humor, and vitreous body.
• Internal conditions are in a dynamic equilibrium; set point (like thermostat in house)
• Essential for maintenance of life; death and disease
• Homeostatic control loop; receptor, control center and effector
• Negative Feedback: works to oppose change, brings condition back to a set point. i.e. – blood
pressure
• Positive Feedback: works to enhance change, brings condition further away from a set point.
i.e. – childbirth, blood clotting. Things that don’t occur a lot.
• Water Regulation: kidneys and water balance concentration of mineral ions in the blood, get
rid of waste products, especially nitrogen-containing compound called urea.
o Can also be excreted, and removes heat from the body when a person sweats, helping
regulate body temp.
1
, lOMoARcPSD| 19500986
Body cavities
• Cranial cavity: formed by cranial bones and contains brain
• Vertebral canal: formed by vertebral column, contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves.
• Thoracic cavity: chest cavity, contains pleural and pericardial cavities and the mediastinum.
• Pleural cavity: space between the layers of the pleura that surrounds a lung.
• Pericardial cavity: space between the layers of the pericardium that surrounds the heart.
• Mediastinum: central portion of thoracic cavity between the lungs. Extends from sternum to vertebral
column and from first rib to diaphragm; contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large
blood vessels.
• Abdominopelvic cavity: subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities
• Abdominal cavity: contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of large
intestine; the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity is the peritoneum.
• Pelvic cavity: contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction.
Serous membranes
• Thin, slippery, 2 layers (pericardium and pleura [heart and lungs])
• Peritoneum, covers many of the abdominal organs • Visceral membrane: covers the organs
• Parietal layer: lines abdominal wall.
Directional terms
• Cranial (up towards head) & Caudal (towards bum)
• Anterior/Ventral (front of body) & Posterior/Dorsal (towards back)
• Medial (middle of body) & Lateral (away from middle)
• Superior (towards head) & Inferior (towards feet)
• Proximal (towards location) & Distal (away from location)
Sections (planes) of the body
• Transverse (horizontal): top & bottom cut of body
• Sagittal: right and left cut of body o Midsagittal: cut through midline
o Parasagittal: cut down middle, away from midline
• Frontal/Coronal: front and back cut of body
• Oblique: diagonal cut of body part
2
BIOS 252 Midterm Exam 2024 / BIOS252 Midterm Exam (Review
and Essay Question Answer) Anatomy and Physiology II with
Lab: Chamberlain College of Nursing
A&P 1 Midterm Study Guide
Exam Format:
35 Multiple choice @ 3 pts 4 Pick all that apply @ 5 pts 15 Fill in the blank @ 2 pts 1 essay @ 15 pts
Ch. 1
Anatomy
• “Cutting things up.” Structure of the body and how the parts relate to each other in space.
Physiology
• “Study of nature.” Function of a living organism, how it works, and maintains life.
Levels of organization (molecular, cellular, tissue level, etc.)
• Chemical/molecular level: atoms and molecules
• Cellular level: cells – basic structural unit of life, smallest living unit
• Tissue level: tissues are groups of cells that work together to perform a particular function
• Organ Level: organ is a collection of tissues
• Organ System: several levels
• Organism level: the human body
, lOMoARcPSD| 19500986
Homeostasis (give examples, thermoregulation, water regulation, blood pressure regulation)
• Condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment, and maintained by regulatory
processes.
• Survival of our body cells is dependent on the precise regulation of the chemical composition of
their surrounding fluid o Fluid known as extracellular fluid, and fluid that fills narrow spaces
between cells is interstitial fluid.
Other types are blood plasma, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, aqueous
humor, and vitreous body.
• Internal conditions are in a dynamic equilibrium; set point (like thermostat in house)
• Essential for maintenance of life; death and disease
• Homeostatic control loop; receptor, control center and effector
• Negative Feedback: works to oppose change, brings condition back to a set point. i.e. – blood
pressure
• Positive Feedback: works to enhance change, brings condition further away from a set point.
i.e. – childbirth, blood clotting. Things that don’t occur a lot.
• Water Regulation: kidneys and water balance concentration of mineral ions in the blood, get
rid of waste products, especially nitrogen-containing compound called urea.
o Can also be excreted, and removes heat from the body when a person sweats, helping
regulate body temp.
1
, lOMoARcPSD| 19500986
Body cavities
• Cranial cavity: formed by cranial bones and contains brain
• Vertebral canal: formed by vertebral column, contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves.
• Thoracic cavity: chest cavity, contains pleural and pericardial cavities and the mediastinum.
• Pleural cavity: space between the layers of the pleura that surrounds a lung.
• Pericardial cavity: space between the layers of the pericardium that surrounds the heart.
• Mediastinum: central portion of thoracic cavity between the lungs. Extends from sternum to vertebral
column and from first rib to diaphragm; contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large
blood vessels.
• Abdominopelvic cavity: subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities
• Abdominal cavity: contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of large
intestine; the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity is the peritoneum.
• Pelvic cavity: contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction.
Serous membranes
• Thin, slippery, 2 layers (pericardium and pleura [heart and lungs])
• Peritoneum, covers many of the abdominal organs • Visceral membrane: covers the organs
• Parietal layer: lines abdominal wall.
Directional terms
• Cranial (up towards head) & Caudal (towards bum)
• Anterior/Ventral (front of body) & Posterior/Dorsal (towards back)
• Medial (middle of body) & Lateral (away from middle)
• Superior (towards head) & Inferior (towards feet)
• Proximal (towards location) & Distal (away from location)
Sections (planes) of the body
• Transverse (horizontal): top & bottom cut of body
• Sagittal: right and left cut of body o Midsagittal: cut through midline
o Parasagittal: cut down middle, away from midline
• Frontal/Coronal: front and back cut of body
• Oblique: diagonal cut of body part
2
