APC3703 OCT/NOV
EXAM 2025
(Answer Guide) ALL
ESSAYS – Due 17
October 2025
QUESTIONS WITH 100%
VERIFIED AND
CERTIFIED ANSWERS.
,1|Page
APC3703 OCT/NOV EXAM 2025 (Answer Guide) ALL ESSAYS – Due 17 October
2025
VERIFIED AND CERTIFIED ANSWERS. WRITTEN IN REQUIRED FORMAT AND WITHIN
GIVEN GUIDELINES. IT IS GOOD TO USE AS A GUIDE AND FOR REFERENCE, NEVER
PLAGARIZE. Thank you and success in your academics.
UNISA, 2025
Contents
Question 1 (Section A: West Africa) ....................................................................................4
Essay Answer .............................................................................................................................4
1. Introduction .........................................................................................................................4
2. Colonial State Formation and the Crisis of Legitimacy .................................................4
3. Lack of a Negotiated Social Contract ..............................................................................5
4. Imposed State Structures and Failed Constitutional Processes .................................5
5. Contemporary Nigeria and the Legacies of Colonialism...............................................6
6. Rebuilding the State: Equality, Participation, and Constitutional Patriotism .............7
7. Conclusion ..........................................................................................................................7
References ..................................................................................................................................8
Question 2 (Section A: West Africa) .................................................................................. 10
Essay Answer ........................................................................................................................... 10
1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 10
2. Understanding the Systemic Nature of Corruption...................................................... 10
3. Theoretical Explanations of Corruption in Ghana........................................................ 11
4. Manifestations of Corruption in Ghana’s Democratic Governance ........................... 12
5. Institutional and Policy Responses to Corruption ....................................................... 12
6. The Role of Good Governance in Addressing Corruption .......................................... 13
7. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 14
References ................................................................................................................................ 14
Question 3 (Section A: West Africa) .................................................................................. 16
Essay Answer ........................................................................................................................... 16
1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 16
2. Historical Context of Democratization ........................................................................... 16
3. Institutional Challenges and Governance Deficits ....................................................... 17
,2|Page
4. Corruption and the Political Economy of Patronage ................................................... 17
5. Civil-Military Relations and the Legacy of Authoritarianism ...................................... 18
6. Electoral Integrity and Political Competition ................................................................ 19
7. Role of Civil Society and the Media ............................................................................... 19
8. Comparative Summary .................................................................................................... 20
9. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 20
References ................................................................................................................................ 21
Question 4 (Section B: North Africa) ................................................................................. 23
Essay Answer ........................................................................................................................... 23
1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 23
2. The Historical Roots of Military Dominance ................................................................. 23
3. Mechanisms of Military Control: Direct and Indirect Dominance .............................. 24
4. Economic Power and Patronage Networks................................................................... 25
5. Civil-Military Relations and the Politics of Control ...................................................... 25
6. Implications for Democratic Development .................................................................... 25
7. Prospects for Reform and Civilian Control ................................................................... 26
8. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 27
References ................................................................................................................................ 27
Question 5 (Section B: North Africa) ................................................................................. 29
Essay Answer ........................................................................................................................... 29
1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 29
2. The 2011 Revolution: A Brief Overview ......................................................................... 29
3. Allinson’s International Theory of Counter-Revolution............................................... 30
4. The Role of Regional Powers: The Gulf Monarchies ................................................... 30
5. The Role of Global Powers and Western States ........................................................... 31
6. International Financial Institutions and Economic Counter-Revolution ................... 31
7. Transnational Networks and the Politics of Information ............................................. 32
8. Counter-Revolutionary Outcome: Restoration of Authoritarianism .......................... 32
9. Implications for Sovereignty and Democratization ...................................................... 33
10. Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 33
References ................................................................................................................................ 34
Question 6 (Section B: North Africa) ................................................................................. 35
Essay Answer ........................................................................................................................... 35
, 3|Page
1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 35
2. Political Context: Civil War and Crisis of Legitimacy .................................................. 35
3. Zéroual’s Political Reform Agenda ................................................................................ 36
4. Achievements of Zéroual’s Reforms.............................................................................. 37
5. Limitations and Contradictions ...................................................................................... 38
6. Transition to Bouteflika: Continuity and Reversal ....................................................... 38
7. Evaluation: Zéroual’s Legacy ......................................................................................... 39
8. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 39
References ................................................................................................................................ 40
EXAM 2025
(Answer Guide) ALL
ESSAYS – Due 17
October 2025
QUESTIONS WITH 100%
VERIFIED AND
CERTIFIED ANSWERS.
,1|Page
APC3703 OCT/NOV EXAM 2025 (Answer Guide) ALL ESSAYS – Due 17 October
2025
VERIFIED AND CERTIFIED ANSWERS. WRITTEN IN REQUIRED FORMAT AND WITHIN
GIVEN GUIDELINES. IT IS GOOD TO USE AS A GUIDE AND FOR REFERENCE, NEVER
PLAGARIZE. Thank you and success in your academics.
UNISA, 2025
Contents
Question 1 (Section A: West Africa) ....................................................................................4
Essay Answer .............................................................................................................................4
1. Introduction .........................................................................................................................4
2. Colonial State Formation and the Crisis of Legitimacy .................................................4
3. Lack of a Negotiated Social Contract ..............................................................................5
4. Imposed State Structures and Failed Constitutional Processes .................................5
5. Contemporary Nigeria and the Legacies of Colonialism...............................................6
6. Rebuilding the State: Equality, Participation, and Constitutional Patriotism .............7
7. Conclusion ..........................................................................................................................7
References ..................................................................................................................................8
Question 2 (Section A: West Africa) .................................................................................. 10
Essay Answer ........................................................................................................................... 10
1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 10
2. Understanding the Systemic Nature of Corruption...................................................... 10
3. Theoretical Explanations of Corruption in Ghana........................................................ 11
4. Manifestations of Corruption in Ghana’s Democratic Governance ........................... 12
5. Institutional and Policy Responses to Corruption ....................................................... 12
6. The Role of Good Governance in Addressing Corruption .......................................... 13
7. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 14
References ................................................................................................................................ 14
Question 3 (Section A: West Africa) .................................................................................. 16
Essay Answer ........................................................................................................................... 16
1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 16
2. Historical Context of Democratization ........................................................................... 16
3. Institutional Challenges and Governance Deficits ....................................................... 17
,2|Page
4. Corruption and the Political Economy of Patronage ................................................... 17
5. Civil-Military Relations and the Legacy of Authoritarianism ...................................... 18
6. Electoral Integrity and Political Competition ................................................................ 19
7. Role of Civil Society and the Media ............................................................................... 19
8. Comparative Summary .................................................................................................... 20
9. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 20
References ................................................................................................................................ 21
Question 4 (Section B: North Africa) ................................................................................. 23
Essay Answer ........................................................................................................................... 23
1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 23
2. The Historical Roots of Military Dominance ................................................................. 23
3. Mechanisms of Military Control: Direct and Indirect Dominance .............................. 24
4. Economic Power and Patronage Networks................................................................... 25
5. Civil-Military Relations and the Politics of Control ...................................................... 25
6. Implications for Democratic Development .................................................................... 25
7. Prospects for Reform and Civilian Control ................................................................... 26
8. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 27
References ................................................................................................................................ 27
Question 5 (Section B: North Africa) ................................................................................. 29
Essay Answer ........................................................................................................................... 29
1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 29
2. The 2011 Revolution: A Brief Overview ......................................................................... 29
3. Allinson’s International Theory of Counter-Revolution............................................... 30
4. The Role of Regional Powers: The Gulf Monarchies ................................................... 30
5. The Role of Global Powers and Western States ........................................................... 31
6. International Financial Institutions and Economic Counter-Revolution ................... 31
7. Transnational Networks and the Politics of Information ............................................. 32
8. Counter-Revolutionary Outcome: Restoration of Authoritarianism .......................... 32
9. Implications for Sovereignty and Democratization ...................................................... 33
10. Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 33
References ................................................................................................................................ 34
Question 6 (Section B: North Africa) ................................................................................. 35
Essay Answer ........................................................................................................................... 35
, 3|Page
1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 35
2. Political Context: Civil War and Crisis of Legitimacy .................................................. 35
3. Zéroual’s Political Reform Agenda ................................................................................ 36
4. Achievements of Zéroual’s Reforms.............................................................................. 37
5. Limitations and Contradictions ...................................................................................... 38
6. Transition to Bouteflika: Continuity and Reversal ....................................................... 38
7. Evaluation: Zéroual’s Legacy ......................................................................................... 39
8. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 39
References ................................................................................................................................ 40
