CHAPTER 1: Twentieth Century
Freud: most of our personalities are unconscious (psychological)
● anxiety, stress
● dream analysis- true thoughts come in dreams
● using a word to see what first comes to mind
Psychoanalytic:
- Interactions between the conscious and unconscious mind, childhood experiences lead to
psychological functioning later on in life
Structuralist
- Wundt, Titchener, James
Functionalist and the Gestaltists had different viewpoint
Behavioral:
- Observable behaviour studied scientifically
- Stimulus, response relationships and the consequences for behaviour
Behaviorism: approach to Freud
● observe behaviour
● Thorndike: animals to explain human behaviour
● Pavlov: classical conditioning
● Watson: little albert, classical conditioning in children, white rat
● Skinner: reinforcement and punishment
● Bandura: discovered how to change people (esp children) by observation
Humanistic:
● reaction to behaviorism
● finding purpose in our lives
● positive qualities
● People can be helped to realize their full grand potential which will lead to positive
growth
● past and experience do not make a result
● Carl Rogers: love is conditional so made a therapy where there is no judgement or
conditional
● Abraham Maslow: basic needs to be fulfilled then development to self actualization
Cognitive:
● Neisser: information processing
● human mental engagement
, ● mental processes are studied using inputs and outputs
Cultural and cross-cultural:
● Cultural: different throughout populations
● Cross-Cultural: all culture is same throughout
Evotionary:
● Behaviour and mental processes are explained in terms of evolution, inheritance
and adaptation
Socio-cultural:
● Norms and rules of society are learned through interacting with others
● Can be culturally universal or can vary
Neuroscience:
● processes of the brain
● more technology due to ethical issues
● Lashly: before computers
● Donald Hebb: unconscious (ex facial expression)
● genetics has been influenced
● evolution: aspects of evolution has impacted the brain where some is more
attractive as behaviour, traits such as kindness can be passed down
Branches of Psychology:
1. Clinical and Counselling
2. Academic
3. Applied
Psychology is theory driven
- Ideas about how the world works and use those to use do research
- Empirical: based on research, evidence/proof
- Multi-level: brain, individual, and social influences
- community, situations, environment
- individual culture in Western societies is influenced by the environment around you
Trends:
- Diversity: More women and minorities research
- Differences in types of research based on these genders and races that came in later on because
men were considered the norm at the time
- Technology: computers helping with many different types of illnesses and research such
as depression and anxiety with electrical impulses
, - New schools of thoughts: focusing on more of the positives of the world ex) what is good
parenting?
Fear of Missing Out:
- A shared experience throughout most young adults
- Comparing oneself to others
- Social media
- High expectations cause sadness
- Too many choices causes it harder to be happy and choose the right one making you
unsatisfied
, CHAPTER 4: Human Development
Developmental psychology:
- study of changes in behaviour and mental processes over time and the factors that
influence the course of those changes
How is it studied?
1. Cross-sectional design: compares groups of different-aged people to another
- Quick, easy
- Convenient for researchers and participants
- Information about age differences
- Assumes that any changes are resulted from age
- Cohort effect: historical differences between ages
- Does not provide much explanation of how or when age related changes may
have occurred
2. Longitudinal Design: follow the same group overtime at different points of their lives to
see how their points
- Reliable information about age changes
- Stability or instability of traits
- Effects of early experiences
- Lots of time and money
- Participants drop out over course of study
- Not controlled since participants come from the same cohort
3. Cohort-Sequential: mix of both
- Effects can be separated from age effects
- Reliable info about age changes
- Stabilities or instability of traits
- Effects of early experiences
- Time and money
- Participants drop out
Maturation: the unfolding of development in a particular sequence and time frame
Epigenetic: changes in gene expression that are independent of the DNA sequences of the gene
Stage: a distinct developmental phase in which organism behave, think, or respond in a particular
way that is qualitatively different from the way they responded before
Critical Period: points in development when an organism is sensitive to the environment, making
it easier for the organism to get certain brain functions and behaviours
Sensitive Period: a better word for critical periods
Quantitative change: gradual increase in some element such as height or weight
Freud: most of our personalities are unconscious (psychological)
● anxiety, stress
● dream analysis- true thoughts come in dreams
● using a word to see what first comes to mind
Psychoanalytic:
- Interactions between the conscious and unconscious mind, childhood experiences lead to
psychological functioning later on in life
Structuralist
- Wundt, Titchener, James
Functionalist and the Gestaltists had different viewpoint
Behavioral:
- Observable behaviour studied scientifically
- Stimulus, response relationships and the consequences for behaviour
Behaviorism: approach to Freud
● observe behaviour
● Thorndike: animals to explain human behaviour
● Pavlov: classical conditioning
● Watson: little albert, classical conditioning in children, white rat
● Skinner: reinforcement and punishment
● Bandura: discovered how to change people (esp children) by observation
Humanistic:
● reaction to behaviorism
● finding purpose in our lives
● positive qualities
● People can be helped to realize their full grand potential which will lead to positive
growth
● past and experience do not make a result
● Carl Rogers: love is conditional so made a therapy where there is no judgement or
conditional
● Abraham Maslow: basic needs to be fulfilled then development to self actualization
Cognitive:
● Neisser: information processing
● human mental engagement
, ● mental processes are studied using inputs and outputs
Cultural and cross-cultural:
● Cultural: different throughout populations
● Cross-Cultural: all culture is same throughout
Evotionary:
● Behaviour and mental processes are explained in terms of evolution, inheritance
and adaptation
Socio-cultural:
● Norms and rules of society are learned through interacting with others
● Can be culturally universal or can vary
Neuroscience:
● processes of the brain
● more technology due to ethical issues
● Lashly: before computers
● Donald Hebb: unconscious (ex facial expression)
● genetics has been influenced
● evolution: aspects of evolution has impacted the brain where some is more
attractive as behaviour, traits such as kindness can be passed down
Branches of Psychology:
1. Clinical and Counselling
2. Academic
3. Applied
Psychology is theory driven
- Ideas about how the world works and use those to use do research
- Empirical: based on research, evidence/proof
- Multi-level: brain, individual, and social influences
- community, situations, environment
- individual culture in Western societies is influenced by the environment around you
Trends:
- Diversity: More women and minorities research
- Differences in types of research based on these genders and races that came in later on because
men were considered the norm at the time
- Technology: computers helping with many different types of illnesses and research such
as depression and anxiety with electrical impulses
, - New schools of thoughts: focusing on more of the positives of the world ex) what is good
parenting?
Fear of Missing Out:
- A shared experience throughout most young adults
- Comparing oneself to others
- Social media
- High expectations cause sadness
- Too many choices causes it harder to be happy and choose the right one making you
unsatisfied
, CHAPTER 4: Human Development
Developmental psychology:
- study of changes in behaviour and mental processes over time and the factors that
influence the course of those changes
How is it studied?
1. Cross-sectional design: compares groups of different-aged people to another
- Quick, easy
- Convenient for researchers and participants
- Information about age differences
- Assumes that any changes are resulted from age
- Cohort effect: historical differences between ages
- Does not provide much explanation of how or when age related changes may
have occurred
2. Longitudinal Design: follow the same group overtime at different points of their lives to
see how their points
- Reliable information about age changes
- Stability or instability of traits
- Effects of early experiences
- Lots of time and money
- Participants drop out over course of study
- Not controlled since participants come from the same cohort
3. Cohort-Sequential: mix of both
- Effects can be separated from age effects
- Reliable info about age changes
- Stabilities or instability of traits
- Effects of early experiences
- Time and money
- Participants drop out
Maturation: the unfolding of development in a particular sequence and time frame
Epigenetic: changes in gene expression that are independent of the DNA sequences of the gene
Stage: a distinct developmental phase in which organism behave, think, or respond in a particular
way that is qualitatively different from the way they responded before
Critical Period: points in development when an organism is sensitive to the environment, making
it easier for the organism to get certain brain functions and behaviours
Sensitive Period: a better word for critical periods
Quantitative change: gradual increase in some element such as height or weight
